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Microbiology Exam 4 > Lecture 40- Viral diseases > Flashcards

Lecture 40- Viral diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 3 main features of the herpes virus

A

has DNA
cell fast- enters your nerve cells and incorperates it’s DNA into yours
grows latent- can be reactivated when immune system goes down (stress)

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2
Q

Describe human herpes virus type 1

A 
herpes simplex 1
cold sores (herpes labialis)
SYMPTOMS
blisters for 1-2 days
crusts for up to 3 weeks
TRANSMISSION
infected as a child
90% of population has it
4 million americans are symptomatic
TREATMENT
acyclovir
COMPLICATIONS
gingiva stomatitis- blisters inside the mouth
herpetic keratis- occurs in eyes, vision loss. causes 30% of neonatal encephalitis (STORCH) which can lead to retardation
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3
Q

Describe human herpes virus type 2

A 
Herpes simplex 2
Genital herpes
OCCURRENCE
20% of population have this
40 million americans
SYMPTOMS
pain
nausea
blisters- start in genitals move to butt and legs
symptoms return every 2-4 weeks
COMPLICATIONS
known associate of cervical cancer
causes 70% of neonatal encephalitis (STORCH)
TREATMENT
acyclovir
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4
Q

Describe human herpes virus type 3

A

varicella & zoster
chicken pox & shingles
CHICKEN POX
90% of children are exposed
there is a vaccine- zostavax
spreads through micro aerosols or contact with blisters
once you get it, you never get it again (long term immunity)
incubation is 1-3 weeks
can spread 1-2 days before symptoms, infectious 6 days after last crop (blister)
COMPLICATION
reye’s syndrome- aspiring can make fluid accumulate in brain leading to death
SHINGLES
relapse of the chicken pox
30% of people who had chicken pox get it
blisters spread chicken pox (NOT shingles)
blisters last for 2-4 weeks, follow the nerves
COMPLICATIONS
post herpetic myalgia- pain from shingles stays for a year
treatment is acylovir

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5
Q

Describe the disease caused by human herpes virus type 4

A 
epstein barr virus
causes infectious mononucleosis (mono)
transmitted by saliva
SYMPTOMS
severe sore throat
lyphadenopathy-  swollen lymph nodes (esp. cervical/neck)
lymphocytosis- increase in lymphocytes
COMPLICATIONS
burkett's lymphoma- swollen abdomen and cheeks, B cell malignancy (common in Africa)
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6
Q

Describe human herpes virus type 5

A

cytomegalovirus
most people are asymptomatic
some get mono called cytomegalovirus mononucleosis
SYMPTOMS
sore throat
cervical lymphadenopathy- swollen lymph nodes around neck
lymphocytosis- increase in lymphocytes
DANGEROUS FORMS OF CMV
congenital cmv- mom to baby (STORCH)
perinatal cmv- baby picks it up moving through vagina, less intense for big babies
disseminated cmv- spreads through the body. problem for immunocompromised patients (AIDS)

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7
Q

Describe human herpes virus type 6

A

human t lymphotrophic virus
causes roseola- rash and fever in young babies (<1 year old)
related to MS

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8
Q

Describe human herpes virus type 7

A

orphan virus- no symptoms except maybe mild rash

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9
Q

Describe human herpes virus type 8

A

linked to karposi’s sarcoma- causes hemorrhagic tumors in AIDS patients

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10
Q

Describe the general symptoms of hepatitis

A

liver damage- possibly due to heavy drinking or INH antibiotic
fever
jaundice- yellow skin due to bile pigments
brown urine

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11
Q

Do most hepatitis viruses use RNA or DNA? which doesnt follow the trend?

A

RNA

hep. B uses DNA

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12
Q

Describe hepatitis A

A

RNA
aka. infectious hepatitis
spreads through oral/fecal
acute- lasts 2 to 3 weeks then symptoms end

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13
Q

Describe hepatitis B

A 
DNA
aka. serum hepatitis
spreads through blood
acute in most, chronic in 6% of people
vaccinate to prevent
2% mortality rate
associated with liver (hematoma) cancer
STORCH/placenta disease
can last 1 week on a fomite
can be "cured" by sustaining viral replication using interferon alpha and tenofovir (a neucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
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14
Q

Describe hepatitis C

A

RNA
aka classic non A, non B
spreads through blood
80% of patients are chronic
no vaccine because the virus varies a lot
can’t detect in blood until 70-80 days after infection
STORCH/placenta disease
treated with peg interferon, ripaverin, and telaprevir (protease inhibitor) in 79% of people

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15
Q

Describe hepatitis D

A

RNA
aka delta virus
not infectious alone, need to get it with hepatitis B
get the hepatitis B vaccine to prevent infection

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16
Q

Describe hepatitis E

A

RNA
infectious non A, non B
spread through oral/fecal route
higher mortality rate in pregnant women than hepatitis A

17
Q

Describe hepatitis F

A

a variation of hepatitis C

18
Q

Describe hepatitis G

A

RNA
spread through blood
symptoms vary a lot
co-infection with hepatitis C or AIDS will slow down the progression of that virus

19
Q

Describe the etiology of human immunodeficiency virus

A

2 strains- HIV 1 (most common) and HIV 2 (more common in Africa, milder, longer incubation period)
retrovirus- uses reverse transcriptase (takes single stranded RNA and makes double stranded DNA)
has 2 single strands of RNA, capsid, envelope, spikes (which attach to leukocytes)

20
Q

Describe the morbidity of HIV

A

worldwide is 45 million people, 15 million of those are children

21
Q

Describe the mortality of HIV

A

without treatment ~5% of people survive (because of delta32 mutation on CCR5 gene)
With treatment death rate was 18% in 1998, becomes a chronic condition

22
Q

Describe the transmission of HIV

A

unprotects sex
parenteral- coming from blood such as sharing needles
placenta- 30% chance
breast milk

23
Q

Describe the incubation period of HIV

A

8 years from HIV+ to AIDS

infects white blood cells, especially CD4 cells. When less that 200 CD4 cells per micro liter you have AIDS

24
Q

Describe the stages of infection for HIV

A 
CATEGORY A
first 3 years
mononucleosis like- sore throat, lymphodenapathy (swollen lymph nodes)
generally asymptomatic
CATEGORY B
4-8 years
mildly symptomatic
frequent candida albicans infections (thrush)
CATEGORY C
after 8 years
AIDS, symptomatic
get lots of diseases that normal people dont get
25
Q

List some diseases that you may get in category C HIV

A

frequent diarrhea
lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
mycobacterium avium- tuberculosis, extra pulmonary
herpes zoster- shingles
herpes simplex- cold sores, genital herpes, cytomegalovirus
toxoplasmosis- from cat poo. causes encephalitis (brain swelling)
candida albicans
pneumocystis jeroveci pneumoniae- used to be most common cause of death in AIDS patients
kaposi’s sarcoma- purple hemhorragic tumors

26
Q

Describe the 5 stages of the life cycle of HIV

A
  1. adsorption- spikes attach to receptors on CD4 cells
  2. penetration- virus gets through the cell membrane
  3. replication- makes new RNA and protien coats (unassembled viruses)
  4. maturation- assembles the new virus
  5. release- gets out of the cell by budding
27
Q

Name the drugs the prevent adsorption of HIV

A

maraviroc (MVC)- binds to CCR5 and makes it non functional

28
Q

Name the drugs that prevent penetration of HIV aka fusion inhibitors

A

enfuvirtide (ENF)- binds to the GP41 spike

29
Q

Name the reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs used against HIV

A

NRTI- nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (analogue, takes up the docking bay)
lamivudine (3TC)- least toxic to patient
azidothymidine, zidovudine (AZT)- given to mother to prevent infection of baby
emitricitabine
tenofovir- also used in hep B infections
NNRT- non nuclotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (disable enzyme from working)
efavirenz
nevirapine

30
Q

Name the protease inhibitors which inhibit the enzyme at the maturation stage of HIV life cycle

A

indinavir

ritonavir

31
Q

What does interferon do against HIV?

A

blocks budding (release of the new viruses)

32
Q

What is HAART?

A

highly active anti retro viral therapy
used in treatment naive patients (no prior treatment)
Use tenofovir, emtricitabine and maybe some efavirenz as well

Microbiology Exam 4 (10 decks)

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