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IMS Immunology > Lecture 41 Introduction to Immunology > Flashcards

Lecture 41 Introduction to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Two forms of immunity

A

Innate immunity and Adaptive immunity

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2
Q

Innate mechanisms

A

first line of defense, non-specific response

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3
Q

adaptive mechanisms

A

second line of defense, highly specific with memory

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4
Q

active immunity

A

antigens enter body and trigger both innate and adaptive immune system = long term protection

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5
Q

passive immunity

A

antibodies given to person for period = short term protection (no memory cells)

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6
Q

examples of passive immunity

A

antibodies passing from mother to foetus across placenta, breast milk

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7
Q

cells in immune system derived from

A

common pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

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8
Q

two lineage from stem cells

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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9
Q

myeloid lineage generates

A
  • polymorphonuclear leukocytes
  • monocytes
  • dendritic cells
  • mast cells
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10
Q

lymphoid lineage

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • NK cells
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11
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
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12
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocytes are also called

A

granulocytes = same thing

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13
Q

granulocytes are characterised by

A

multilobed nuclei, cytoplasmic granules

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14
Q

neutrophils

A
  • principal phagocytic cell of innate immunity
  • migrate to site of infection
  • release oxygen free radicals
  • release degranulate proteins
  • release cytokines (TNF)
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15
Q

microbicidal

A

agent in killing microscopic organisms

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16
Q

eosinophils

A
  • defender against multicellular parasites
  • allergy and asthma
  • ‘e’www for parasite = ‘e’osinophils
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17
Q

basophils

A
  • inflammatory allergic reactions

- release potent vasodilator = histamine`

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18
Q

monocytes

A
  • bean shaped nuclei
  • mature into macrophages
  • kill pathogens by phagocytosis
  • free radical production
  • inflammatory cytokines
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19
Q

myeloblast matures into

A

basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte

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20
Q

monocyte matures into

A

macrophage

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21
Q

common myeloid progenitor generates

A

megakaryocyte, erthyrocyte, mast cell myeloblast

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22
Q

megakaryocyte matures into

A

platelets

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23
Q

common lymphoid progenitor

A

Natural killer cell, small lymphocyte

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24
Q

small lymphocyte generates

A

T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte

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25
Q

B lymphocyte turns into

A

plasma cells ( and memory cells)

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26
Q

macrophages

A
  • innate and adaptive immunity
  • phagocytose
  • microbicidal mechanisms
  • APC
  • recruit neutrophils
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27
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • phagocytose
  • procecss and present antigens = APC
  • stimulate T cells to initiate immune response
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28
Q

mast cell

A
  • close association with allergy and inflammation
  • release histamine
  • phagocytose
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29
Q

Neutrophils have receptor that detects formylated peptides, why?

A

bacteria incorporate N-formyl methionine into first position of peptides = recognised by receptor

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30
Q

innate immune system = what receptors on cells detect foreign material

A

Toll-like receptors = TLR

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31
Q

what molecules are recognised as foreign by TLRs

A

lipopolysaccarides on bacteria, proteins in flagella, double stranded RNA

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32
Q

how do lysozymes work against bactera

A

break bond between N-acetylglucosamine and muramic acid

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33
Q

how does penicillin work

A

interferes with synthesis of peptidoglycan in cells walls

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34
Q

mechanism of resistance to penicillin

A
  • mutation in penicillin binding proteins
  • production of B-lactamase to detsory B-lactam ring
  • resistance transferred by ‘transformation’ and plasmids during ‘conjuagtion’
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35
Q

B lymphocyte

A

produces antibodies, presents antigens, produces memory cells

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36
Q

T lymphocytes

A
  • stimulates B cells

- kill virally infected and tumour cells

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37
Q

what is NK cell derived from as part of lymphoid lineage

A

large granular lymphocyte

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38
Q

NK cell

A
  • release perforins
  • release granzymes
  • trigger apoptosis
  • tumour immunosurveillance
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39
Q

primary lymphoid tissue = development and maturation of lymphocytes

A

bone marrow = B cells

thymus gland = T cells

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40
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue

A

lymph nodes, spleen

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41
Q

lymph nodes found where

A

jaw, neck, axilla (armpit), elbow, groin, behind knee

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42
Q

spleen located

A

lymphoid organ in abdomen

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43
Q

function of spleen

A

removes damaged/old RBCs, activates lymphocytes

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44
Q

structure of spleen

A

red pulp = erythrocytes removed

white pulp = lymphocytes stimulated

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45
Q

innate immune system components

A
  1. mechanical barriers
  2. physiological
  3. chemical mediators
46
Q

mechanical barriers

A

skin, mucous membranes, cilia propel microbes out of body

47
Q

physiological immune system barrier

A

stomach acid, fever response hear inhibits pathogen growth

48
Q

chemical mediators innate system

A

lysozyme cleaves bacterial cell wall, interferon induces antiviral defenses in cells

49
Q

phagocytic leukocytes

A

monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils

50
Q

two types of adaptive immune response

A

humoral and cell-mediated immunity

51
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cells = produce antibodies

52
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells

53
Q

non infected tissue, cell behaviours

A

In blood = monocytes and neutrophils pass healthy tissue

In cells = macrophage digests dead cells, dendritic cells are dormant

54
Q

wave 1 infected tissue = dendritic cells

A

exit infected cell, migrate to lymph nodes, signal to lymphocytes

55
Q

wave 1 infected tissue = neutrophil action

A

from blood-stream enter infected cells

56
Q

wave 2 infected tissue = monocytes

A

flood in from blood-stream = become inflammatory macrophages

57
Q

wave 2 infected tissue = neutrophils

A

killed pathogen and themselves in the process = pusu

58
Q

wave 2 infected tissue = macrophage

A

clear debris, some migrate to lymph nodes

59
Q

infected tissue = resolution

A

inflammatory macrophages change properties to repair damage

60
Q

what cells do macrophages phagocytose?

A

DYING cells = recognised as plasma membrane changes profile when a cell dies

OPSIONIZED cells =
surface coated with complement proteins or antibodies

61
Q

opsionised cells and pathogens

A

immune response concept = cells/pathogens coated in opsonins to be recognised by macrophages

62
Q

opsonin

A

any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response

63
Q

opsonin examples

A

antibodies = IgG and IgM

complement proteins = C3b and C4b

64
Q

Fc receptor on macrophage

A

binds to antibodies coating cell/pathogen

65
Q

ANA

A

antinuclear antibodies

66
Q

CD4+ cell

A

T helper cell

67
Q

CD8+ cell

A

Cytotoxic T cell

68
Q

dendritic cell specialisation

A

specialised receptors on surface

69
Q

professional APCs

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

70
Q

what makes professional APCs

A

all have MHC II comlexes

71
Q

immunogen

A

an antigen that causes an immune response

72
Q

antibodies are called

A

immunoglobulins

73
Q

different classes of anitbodies

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM

74
Q

how many total B cells in blood

A

around 3 million

75
Q

how many B cells in blood specific to one specific antigen

A

about 30

76
Q

when specific antibodies are produced in B cell

A

transported to surface on B cell = B cell receptors (BCRs)

77
Q

when do B cells divide

A

when B cell binds to its cognate antigen = proloferation

78
Q

after a week of division, now many identical B cells in blood

A

around 20,000

79
Q

vdj recombination

A

B cells and T cells = randomly assemble different gene segments to generate unique antigens

80
Q

vdj segments = building blocks for variable region of antibody

A 
V = variable
D = diversity
J = joining
81
Q

Fc region on anitbody

A

the constant region, encoded by C - gene

82
Q

how many different variations of segments in coding for antigen binding site

A

46 variable, 23 diversity, 6 joining

83
Q

how many c-gene variants exist

A

5

84
Q

what are the c-gene segments

A 
Alpha (IgA)
Delta (IgD)
Epsilon (IgE)
Gamma (IgG)
Mu (IgM)

=hence the classes of antibodies are characterised by the constant region, Fc

85
Q

antibody diversity is because

A

rearrangement of immunoglobulin gene segments to create huge diversity in mature B cells

86
Q

somatic hypermutation

A

.

87
Q

function of antibodies = opsonization

A

bind to bacteria and viruses, Fab region of antibody binds to antigen and Fc tail region binds to Fc receptor on macrophage = phagocytosis

88
Q

function of antibodies = pathway

A

classical pathway activated = lysis of bacteria, triggers complement activation

89
Q

primary response of antibody

A

following exposure: slow rise in IgM, the slow rise in IgG

90
Q

secondary response of antibody

A

following exposure: rapid, great rise in IgG, limited rise in IgM

91
Q

T cells respond to

A

antigens presented via the MHC of another cell = antigens bound to cells, not found in blood

92
Q

MHC

A

Major Histocompatability Complex

93
Q

histocompatible meaning

A

two individuals are histocompatible if tissues can be transplanted between without rejection

94
Q

MHC variance

A

not because of VDJ recombination or TCR, we inherit polymorphic genes from parents

95
Q

antigens as complex with MHC molecules

A

APCs = peptides presented in association with MHC

96
Q

importance of MHC association with antigens

A

allows immune cells to distinguish between normal antigens on surface of all cells, and foreign ones

97
Q

endogenous vs exogenous meaning

A 
endogenous = within or inside cell
exogenous = outside
98
Q

MHC class I present where

A

almost every cell in body

99
Q

MHC class II present where

A

only on specialised APC immune cells = macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

100
Q

MHC class I present what antigens

A

endogenous antigens, synthesised in cytoplasm

101
Q

MHC class II present what antigens

A

exogenous antigens, originate extracellularly from foreign bodies

102
Q

production of MHC class I molecules

A
  1. samples of proteins made on ribosomes are chopped up into short peptides by the proteasome
  2. fragments transported to ER, where peptides of ~10 amino acids can bind to MHC class I proteins
  3. complex transported via golgi to cell surface
103
Q

production of MHC class II molecules

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. foreign peptide fragments are bound to MHC class II proteins in endosome]
  3. transported to cell surface
104
Q

what cell recognises MHC class I

A

CD8+ = cytotoxic T cells

105
Q

what cell recognises MHC class II

A

CD4+ = T helper cell

106
Q

best way to kill virus

A

destroy cells that virus has infected before the cell releases new viral particles

107
Q

best way to kill virus/yeasts

A

generate antibodies = agglutination of particles, mark them for ingestion or further attack by complement system

108
Q

autoimmunity

A

misdirected adaptive immune response = type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis

109
Q

hypersensitivity reactions

A

over reaction of adaptive immune response = peanut allergy, asthma

110
Q

immunodeficiencies

A

components of immune system are absent/defective = AIDS

IMS Immunology (4 decks)

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