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IMS Immunology > Lecture 43 and 44 - b cells and t cells > Flashcards

Lecture 43 and 44 - b cells and t cells Flashcards

1
Q

what class antibody is a pentamer

A

IgM

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2
Q

what class antibody is a dimer

A

IgA

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3
Q

which classes of antibody are monomers

A

IgG, IgD and IgE

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4
Q

primary response = following exposure to antigen

A
  • slow rise in IgM

- slow rise in IgG

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5
Q

secondary response = following second exposure to antigen

A
  • rapid increase in IgG

- limited rise in IgM

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6
Q

IgE

A

allergic response, trace amounts

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7
Q

IgG

A

4 types, main in blood, for killing bacteria

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8
Q

IgA

A

2 types, protects entry of pathogens, saliva, GI tract, respiratory tract (think A = At start)

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9
Q

IgM

A

in blood, 0mostly of opsonisation of bacteria

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10
Q

IgD

A

B cell membrane, helps in cell division

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11
Q

early Ig response

A

low affinity IgM

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12
Q

later Ig response

A

high affinity IgG

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13
Q

role of B cells

A
  • antibody production
  • T cell activation
  • activation of innate immunity ( classical complement system)
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14
Q

Hep B

A

serious and common liver infection caused by virus

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15
Q

Hep B antigens

A

Hepatitis surface antigen (HBsAg)

Hepatitis core antigen (HBcAb)

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16
Q

HBsAg

A

immune to Hep B = active antigen

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17
Q

HBcAg

A

indicates past or current infection

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18
Q

Hep B vaccine

A

only has surface antigen = HBsAg, so if patient has been vacinated they will have anti-HBsAg

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19
Q

three types of T cells

A
  • T helper cells
  • T killer cells
  • T regulatory cells
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20
Q

T helper cells

A
  • activate phagocytes

- activate B cells

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21
Q

T killer cells

A
  • cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+ ve)

- effective at attacking viruses

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22
Q

T regulatory cells = Tregs

A
  • not fully understood
  • regulate and suppress other immune cells
  • protect against autoimmune disease
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23
Q

APCs that T cells will respond to

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macrophages and monocytes
  • B cells
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24
Q

T cells once activated release

A

IFNg (Interferon gamma) = cytokine that activates macrophages

25
Q

T helper cells receptor

A

CD4+

26
Q

cytotoxic T cells receptor

A

CD8+

27
Q

B cell receptors to specific antigens

A

antibodies presented on surface on antigen

28
Q

T cell receptors to specific antigens

A

Complex = to enable recognition of antigen

  • MHC molecule: membrane bound protein protein complex CD3
  • TCR
29
Q

which receptor complex for T c cells

A

CD8+ interaction with MHC class I

-> all cells present MHC class I, if viral antigens are presented then needs to trigger Tc cell to kill infected cell

30
Q

which receptor complex for T h cells

A

CD4+ interaction with MHC class II (professional APC)

-> APC cells present MHC class II together with foreign peptide (antigen) so need to trigger Thelper cells to release cytokines to trigger immune response

31
Q

MHC class II

A

presented by professional APCs

32
Q

MHC class I

A

presented by all cells, chopped up proteins from inside cell are presented on surface, normally are host protein fragments, but if viral components from viral invasion of cell = presented and recognised as foreign = triggers TC cells

33
Q

“anergic” T cell

A

means T cell doesn’t respond to the antigen

34
Q

T cell activation

A
  1. antigen processed in complex with MHC molecule (class I or II)
  2. second signal
35
Q

second signal for T helper cell activation, CD4+ with MHC class II

A

on T cell = CD28 molecule

on APC cell = CD80 molecule

36
Q

when T cell is activated = cytokine production

A
  • chemoattraction
  • autoactivation
  • augmentation of inflammation
  • stimulation of Ab production by B cells
37
Q

monokines

A

cytokines released by macrophages

38
Q

lymphokines

A

cytokines released by mature helper T cells

39
Q

Th 1 cytokines

A

activate cell mediated immunity

40
Q

Th 2 cytokines

A

responsible for antibody production

41
Q

Th 1 cytokines list

A

IL-2
lL-15
IFNg

42
Q

Th 2 cytokines list

A

IL-4
IL-10
IL-13

43
Q

there are 2 T helper cell classes

A

Th 1 and Th 2

44
Q

link between MS treatment and Graves’ disease, both autoimmune diseases

A

treatment of MS (Th1) can result in patient developing Graves’ disease (Th2) = monoclonal antibody targets CD52 on mature lymphocytes, kills them

45
Q

HIV surface antigen

A

gp120 = binds to CD4 on T helper cell

46
Q

treatment for myeolma using cytokines

A

IL-2 increase number of T lymphocytes, enhance immunosurveillance

47
Q

central tolerance = B cells in bone marrow

A
  • clonal deletion of cells that respond to self material

- receptor tolerance

48
Q

immunological tolerance

A

failure to mount an immune response to an antigen, an be good but also bad

49
Q

central tolerance = T cells in thymus gland

A
  • positive selection, only cells recognising MHC molecules survive
  • negative selection, clonal deletion, cells that recognise self material are killed
50
Q

peripheral tolerance

A
  • regulatory T cells can eliminate cells that recognise ‘self’
  • absence of second signal to T cells (CD28 and CD80)
  • anatomical barriers
  • immune privileged areas
51
Q

anatomical barriers

A

where immune system cannot reach

52
Q

immune privileged area

A

protects vital structures, areas where introduction of antigens is tolerated without an inflammatory response that could destroy the tissue = eyes for example

53
Q

what is an autoimmune disease = AD

A

when self tolerance against a body antigen is broken

54
Q

organ-specific AD examples

A
  • thyroid disease
  • type 1 diabetes
  • pernicious anaemia
  • some skin conditions
55
Q

non organ-specific AD

A

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) = lupus

56
Q

cellular components of specific immunity

A

B cells and T cells

57
Q

soluble components of specific immunity

A

immunoglobulins - b cells

cytokines - t cells

58
Q

second signal for cytotoxic T cell, CD8+ with MHC class I

A

on Tc cell = 4-1BB

on APC = 4-1BBL

IMS Immunology (4 decks)

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