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BMS 300 Unit 4 > Lecture 48- Digestive System Part 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 48- Digestive System Part 3 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Releases secretions and hormones to aid in further digestion of chyme

Shortest

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2
Q

What is the function of the jejunum?

A

Major site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

Longest

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3
Q

What is the function of the ileum?

A

Absorbs bile acids, fluid, and vitamin B12

Immune function with Peyer’s patches when bacteria enters into ileum

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum

Don’t Jump In

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5
Q

What do villi and microvilli do?

A

Increase surface area

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6
Q

What are epithelial cells in the small intestine like?

A

Very sensitive with high turnover rate and contains digestive enzymes

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7
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

An immune reaction to eating gluten which creates inflammation that damages small intestine lining

Gluten free diet

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8
Q

What are 5 symptoms of celiac disease?

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Constipation
  3. Bloating and floating stool
  4. Lactose intolerance
  5. Fatigue
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9
Q

What is non-celiac gluten sensitivity?

A

Test negative for celiac disease but experience similar symptoms to those who have it

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10
Q

What are the 2 potential culprits of non-celiac disease?

A
  1. Fructans
  2. Amylase-trypsin inhibitors
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11
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

Body’s inability to fully digest lactose, This occurs due to a deficiency of lactase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose into simpler sugars that can be absorbed by the body

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12
Q

What is the mesentery and what is its role?

A

A fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place/makes sure small intestine does not tie up

Highly vascularized/RBCs
Depot for fat

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13
Q

What is the major function of the large intestine (colon)?

A

Absorption: water, vitamins, electrolytes from chyme

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14
Q

What is the role of colonic bacteria?

A

-Produces vitamins
-Aids in digesting breast milk, fiber, the immune system, and brain health

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15
Q

What happens in constipation? What causes it?

A

Having fewer than three bowel movements a week

Lack of fiber, exercise, meds, IBS

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16
Q

True or false:

Drinking lots of water can treat constipation

A

FALSE

Excreted as urine, doesn’t keep water in system- that is what fiber does

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17
Q

What happens in diarrhea? What causes it?

A

Loose and watery stools

Bacterial infections, loss of water

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18
Q

What happens in diverticulosis? What causes it?

A

Pockets develop in the colon due to the weakness of muscle layers in the colon wall

Aging, low fiber diet, obesity, physical inactivity

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19
Q

What happens in hemorrhoids? What causes it?

A

Piles-swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum

Pressure on the veins from colon, lack of dietary fiber, sitting too long, obesity, pregnancy

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20
Q

What are the amylase enzymes for salivary, gastric, and pancreatic?

A

Sucrase
Maltase
Lactase

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21
Q

What are the three disaccharides that amylases convert starch into?

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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22
Q

What type of vein does glucose enter the liver from?

23
Q

What are the three main things the liver can do with glucose?

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A
  1. Store it
  2. Use it
  3. Send it
24
Q

What three areas can the pancreas secrete insulin on?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Liver
  2. Muscle
  3. Adipose
25
What does the sensitivity and number of muscle insulin receptors depend on?
Movement
26
What does the sensitivity of insulin and sympathetic receptors depend on in adipose?
Adipose tissue
27
What type of synthesis is stimulated in muscle from insulin compared to adipose?
Muscle- glycogen and fat from glucose/proteins from amino acids Adipose- ONLY fat from glucose
28
True or false: Transport of glucose into the liver requires insluin
FALSE Utilizes a concentration gradient/it not insulin-dependent
29
What two things does insulin stimulate the synthesis of in the liver? What does it inhibit?
Stimulate glycogen and fat Inhibits synthesis of glucose
30
Explain how glucagon raises blood sugar levels in response to low blood glucose
1. Alpha cells 2. Glucagon 3. Break down to glycogen 4. Glucose released to blood stream
31
Explain how the pituitary gland/medulla raises blood sugar levels in response to low blood glucose
1. Pituitary gland 2. Medulla 3. Release epinephrine 4. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids 5. Glucose released to blood stream
32
Explain how the pituitary gland/cortex raises blood sugar levels in response to low blood glucose
1. Pituitary gland 2. Cortex 3. Adrenal cortical tropic hormone 4. Glucocorticoids 5. Breakdown of muscle into amino acids 6. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids 7. Glucose released to blood stream
33
Explain how the hypothalamus raises blood sugar levels in response to low blood glucose
1. Hypothalamus 2. Activates hormone-sensitive lipase 3. Fatty acids sent to muscles to make ATP 4. Breakdown of muscle into amino acids 5. Gluconeogenesis from amino acids 6. Glucose released to blood stream
34
What are the two types of hypoglycemia?
1. Fasting 2. Reactive
35
What happens in fasting hypoglycemia? This happens because the cells are...
When you stop eating and glycogen is not broken down into glucose Hypoactive alpha cells
36
What happens in reactive hypoglycemia? This happens because the cells are...
After a meal, insulin levels peak Hypersensitive beta cells
37
What is the issue with Type 1 diabetes?
Not enough insulin production
38
What is the issue with Type 2 diabetes?
Insulin unable to bind to insulin receptors
39
What is gestational diabetes?
Occurs in late diabetes Caused by placental hormones that block insulin receptors Increases baby's risk for diabetes
40
What is glycation?
Reaction of sugar and proteins
41
An accumulation of what product accelerates plaque build up in arteries? What response occurs?
Advanced Glycation End Product AGE products bind to collagen in muscles, CT, and arteries which stimulates an inflammatory response
42
How does diabetes and the accumulation of AGE affect the eye?
Causes cataracts *Glaucoma- glucose is converted to sorbitol and fructose which can't leave the eye=pressure build up*
43
How does diabetes affect the peripheral nerves?
Fructose and sorbitol accumulate in the nerves which produces osmotic pressure on the cell and draws water in which alters membrane potential
44
How does diabetes affect impaired immunity?
High glucose levels limit and deregulate neutrophil synthesis (type of WBC essential in immune system) High blood sugar levels allow bacteria to grow/help infections develop quicker
45
How does diabetes affect the kidneys?
-Damages vasculature in kidneys -Interferes with re-absorption processes/kidneys can't clean blood properly-->proteins lost in urine
46
When the kidney is unable to absorb glucose, what chain of events happen?
1. Glucose in the urine increases 2. Osmotic pressure (water entering) increases 3. Increased thirst 4. Increased urination 5. Dehydration
47
What happens with sorbitol+fructose production in the eye?
1. Increased pressure on retina 2. Blurred vision
48
What 2 things happen when there is poor glucose uptake in cells?
1. Acidosis-->coma-->death 2. Weight loss (Type 1)-->weakness
49
What are three ways to minimize a spike in blood sugar?
1. Small/frequent meals 2. Low glycemic index foods 3. High soluble fiber
50
What is an important lifestyle modification to treat Type 2 diabetes?
Weight loss/physical activity
51
What is the role of exogenous insulin in Type 1 diabetes?
Insuline pumps/injections
52
What is the role of metformin in Type 2 diabetes?
Reduce glucose production in the liver
53
What is the role of sulfonylurea in Type 2 diabetes?
Sensitizes beta cells so that they produce more insulin

BMS 300 Unit 4 (13 decks)

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