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Human Anatomy & Physiology Spring 2014 Test 1 > Lecture 5 2/6/14 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 2/6/14 Flashcards

1
Q

Calcitonin

A

is a hormone produced by the c-cells, also known as parafollicular cells, cells around the outside of the follicle. Calcitonin tones down blood calcium. We are pulling out calcium out of the blood and storing it into bone. Clasts are ones that gobble up bony matrix to release calcium into the blood. Osteoblastic activities increase and osteoclastic activities decrease.

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2
Q

What else produces calcitonin

A

Thyroid Gland or Thyrocalcitonin

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3
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

lie on the back of the thyroid, but cannot differentiate.

Only cell histologic slices that you can see the difference between the thyroid and parathyroid tissue.

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4
Q

Principle or Chief Cells Produce what?

A

Parathyroid Hormone

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5
Q

Parathyroid Hormone is antagonistic to what?

A

Calcitonin

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6
Q

Osteoblasts for Parathyroid hormone increase or decrease activity?

A

Osteoblastic activity is decreased while osteoclastic activity is increased.

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7
Q

Function of Parathyroid Hormone

A

Increase blood calcium

Helps absorb more calcium from our diet

Works in conjunction with Vitamin D

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8
Q

Bones are dynamic structures because why?

A

They are constantly remodeling, laying down bone and then re-absorbing them back up to maintain blood calcium level.

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9
Q

Calcitonin and Parathyroid help maintain what?

A

Calcium homeostasis in the blood

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10
Q

Adrenal or Suprarenal Glands Location

A

Sit atop the kidneys

Cats: Superior and Medial

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11
Q

Adrenal Cortex of Adrenal Gland

A

Outer region of the adrenal gland

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12
Q

Zona of Glomerulosa

A

Outermost zone

Secretes Mineralcorticoids: Aldosterone

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13
Q

Aldosterone General Function

A

Hormone is involved in retaining sodium and water in the kidney tubules

Helps maintain proper electrolyte composition

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14
Q

Renin Angiotensin Pathway Process 1:

A

If we have a decrease in blood volume, what’s gonna happen to blood pressure in general, leads to a decrease in blood pressure. Kidneys are a perfect organ to monitor the blood pressure. As the blood pressure drops as it travels through the kidneys it stimulates a release of a hormone called renin. Kidneys are a endocrine organs because they produce a hormone that has affects the body.

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15
Q

Renin Angiotensin Pathway Process 2:

A

Renin’s job is to convert angiotensinogen. Angiotensinogen is a precursor molecule produced by the liver. Liver produces angiotensinogen. It blowing through the body and through the bloodstream all the time. If renin is not in the bloodstream it’s not then released by the kidneys due to the low blood pressure, then the angiotensinogen is never converted over.

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16
Q

Renin Angiotensin Pathway Process 3

A

But if there is renin available. Renin’s job is to convert to angiotensinogen I. Angiotensinogen I is a mild vasoconstrictor. Vasoconstrict increases the pressure. We’re releasing hormones to increase blood pressure, because we lost blood volume. The angiotensinogen I travels through the lungs, and the lungs have an enzyme called ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme). Commonly used to help decrease blood pressure. ACE converts Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II, which is a powerful Vasoconstrictor. If you take an ACE inhibiting, you’re inhibiting the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II. If you prevent vasoconstriction, then you can decrease your blood pressure. Two of the most common blood pressure medications are beta blockers, which help to inhibit the sympathetic nervous system from causing vasoconstriction. Then ACE inhibitors prevent conversion to Angiotensin II.

17
Q

Renin Angiotensin Pathway Process 4

A

Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor, it also does is it stimulates the release of Aldosterone. Aldosterone also brings in Sodium to keep water. So the ultimate goal is to increase blood fluid volume by bringing in more water in. So that we can vasoconstrict.

18
Q

Renin Angiotensin Pathway Process 5

A

Angiotensin II also increases ADH production, which prevents you from losing fluid through the kidneys. We also call ADH, vasopressin, which means it causes vasoconstriction.

19
Q

Renin Angiotensin Pathway Process 6

A

The last thing that Angiotensin II does, is that it increases thirst.

20
Q

Overarching or Ultimate goal of Renin Angiotensin Pathway Process?

A

Increasing Thirst

Increasing ADH

Increasing Aldosteron

And a Powerful Vasoconstrictor

Ultimately increasing blood pressure and blood fluid volume through many ways

21
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A

Next Deepest Layer

Secretes: Glucocorticoids - Cortisols

22
Q

Function of Gluconeogenesis

A

To make glucose from other molecules especially from fats and proteins

Promote normal metabolism

23
Q

Cortisol is what?

A

Our stress hormone

24
Q

Main Function of Cortisol?

A

Increase blood sugar levels

Reduce inflammation

25
Q

What do Cortico Steroids decrease?

A

Inflammatory Response

Inflammatory Response is important because it accelerates the healing process

Inflammation is an increase in capillary permeability and increase in blood flow in that region

Slows down wound healing and inhibits white blood cell effectiveness which is a decrease in our immunity

26
Q

Zona Reticularis

A

Deepest layer, but relatively thin area

Secretes: Small levels of Androgens and Gonadocorticoids (sex hormones)

27
Q

Androstenedione converts to what?

A

Testosterone, small levels

28
Q

DHEA

A

Converts Androstenedione, a little bit is converted into testosterone

29
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Inner Layer composed of Chromaffin Cells

30
Q

Chromaffin Cells Produce what two hormones?

A

Epinephrine (Adrenaline) - 80% is released from Adrenal Medulla

Norepinephrine - 20% released at specific synaptic knobs and from Adrenal Medulla

31
Q

What is Sympathomimmetic Hormones

A

Hormones of the sympathetic nervous system. Also neurotransmitters

32
Q

Effects of the two hormones

A

Accelerates breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Increase blood sugar levels, but only in a short time

Increase in fat mobilization into the blood stream

Increase in heart rate and force of contraction

33
Q

Pancreas

A

Location: Below the stomach and head sets in the curve of the duodenum (small intestine)

Both a endocrine and exocrine organ

Exocrine portion are cells involved in producing digestive enzymes.

Endocrine portion represent Islet of Langerhans and little clumps of tissue amongst the acinar tissue that is ductless tissue that has 3 cell types: Alpha, Beta, and Delta cells

34
Q

What is Acinar Tissue?

A

Tissue that makes up the majority of the mass of the pancreas and ducted tissue.

Enzymes are released into the ducts to specific location of the duodenum

Human Anatomy & Physiology Spring 2014 Test 1 (8 decks)

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