Lecture 6 2/11/14

Question 1

Pancreas is both what type of organ?

Answer 1

Endocrine and Exocrine

Question 2

Give an example of an Exocrine Component?

Answer 2

Acinar cells

Acinar cells make up majority of the mass of the pancreas

Question 3

Give an example of an Endocrine Component?

Answer 3

Islet of Langerhans, small clumps of cells

Question 4

Name the 3 Cell Types

Answer 4

Alpha Cells

Beta Cells

Delta Cells

Question 5

What are Alpha Cells?

Answer 5

They produce glucagon. Glucagon and insulin are involved in blood homeostasis. One will increase blood glucose, and the other one will decrease blood glucose.

Question 6

Describe Glucagon

Answer 6

break glycogen down at the liver and release it into the bloodstream as glucose.

Increases blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen specifically at the liver.

Two main areas where Liver and Muscles are glucose stores. Muscle glycogen for energy source. The liver stores glycogen, which is released as glucose in the bloodstream for over a long period of time.

Question 7

Function of Glucagon

Answer 7

Increase blood sugar levels

Question 8

Glucagon Inhibits what?

Answer 8

Somatostatin. It is an HGH-IH, Human Growth Hormone Inhibitor. Produced by the Hypothalamus.

Question 9

What are Beta Cells?

Answer 9

They produce insulin

Question 10

What is insulin’s job?

Answer 10

job is to shuttle the sugar, that is in the blood into the cells that need it.

Insulin’s job is to decrease blood sugar. Insulin is highly anabolic; build something up. Also to lower blood sugar levels.

It also transports amino acids into the cells.

Example: Coke and a Snickers bar. You get a huge spike in blood sugar, so you have a rebound, insulin secretion, large insulin secreted, because there’s a huge drop in blood sugar levels.

Question 11

Also what else is insulin’s function?

Answer 11

Lowers blood sugar levels. Makes you feel tired. Systemic and also due to what is happening to the brain.

Question 12

What is diabetic coma?

Answer 12

not enough insulin. Increases in blood sugar in the blood, but not enough sugar in the cells.

Question 13

What is insulin shock?

Answer 13

is, take too much insulin and shuttle all that sugar, from the bloodstream into the cells to be stored but there’s no more flowing around for the brain to use and you can die. Brain loves oxygen and glucose.

Question 14

What are Delta Cells?

Answer 14

are the 3rd cell type found in the islets and their job is to produce the somatostatin.

Question 15

Pineal Gland

Answer 15

cone shape/pea gland at the roof of the 3rd Ventricle. It is found in the brain. Produces melatonin which is Pinealcytes

Question 16

What are Pinealcytes?

Answer 16

is the main cell type of the Pineal Gland, that produces melatonin. Plays an important role in regulating the sexual endocrine glands and internal biological clocks.

Question 17

Describe the daylight hours and levels of production of melatonin?

Answer 17

During daylight hours, you see a decrease in melatonin production.

Based on the amount of light brought into the eyes. So an increase in the amount light brought in, causes a decrease in melatonin production, which causes an increase ovarian function.

Question 18

What does a decrease in daylight hours do to levels of production of melatonin?

Answer 18

A decrease in daylight, at night time, brought into eyes, causes an increase in melatonin production and a decrease in ovarian function (hormone production).

Question 19

Thymus Gland

Answer 19

Lies behind the sternum, anterior to and superior, on top of, the heart.

It has a number of different cell types in there, but a large number of those are known as Thymocytes.

It is large in young children and gets smaller as we get older.

T-Cells, T-Lymphocytes, mature here. Implicated in auto-immune diseases. Helps us develop the immune system early on and our survival.

Question 20

Thymus Gland Produces What?

Answer 20

Thymocin

Question 21

4 Mechanisms to Increase Blood Pressure

Answer 21

Angiotensin, ADH: vasoconstriction and retention of fluids at the collecting ducts, the kidneys, aldosterone, thirst, Angiotensin II.

Question 22

What mechanism decreases blood pressure?

Answer 22

ANH - Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

Question 23

Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

Answer 23

Secreted by specialized cells within the atrial walls;

Produced by Atria, upper chamber in heart and to decrease blood pressure.

When the walls of the atria stretch too much, they produce this hormone and release it into the bloodstream.

Shuts down the other 4 mechanisms to decrease blood pressure. Beta Blockers and ACE inhibitors are used to decrease blood pressure.

Question 24

Prostaglandins

Answer 24

Local tissue hormones that function to alter activities of adjacent cells.

Local tissue hormones, which is part of the healing process.

Act on Cyclic AMP to cause varied effects.

Involved in Vasoconstriction, Vasodilation, activating white blood cells, allergy and asthma response.

Question 25

Liver

Answer 25

Produces IGF’s. Most common is IGF-1. Somatomedian C. Insulin like Growth Factors. These are the Pawns of HGH produced by the liver. Creates the muscle and bone growth.

Question 26

3 Main Components of the Cardiovascular System

Answer 26

Heart, Blood Vessels, and Blood

Question 27

Functions of the 3 Main components of the Cardiovascular System

Answer 27

Transport oxygen and nutrients to the cells.

Transport waste and CO2 away from the cells.

Question 28

Blood

Answer 28

Blood is a complex liquid that performs a # of critical functions.

Question 29

General Functions of Blood

Answer 29

Helps regulate the pH of our body, through blood buffer systems and amino acids, buffering the blood

Transports oxygen from lungs to cells

Transports carbon dioxide from cells to lungs

Transports nutrients from digestive organs to cells transports waste from cells to the kidneys, lungs, and sweat glands for elimination.

Transports hormones

Helps regulate body temperature

Hemoglobin binds CO2

Helps prevent its own loss that would be from clotting.

Question 30

2-3 Main Components of Blood

Answer 30

Plasma - liquid that remains after cells have been removed from whole blood.

Formed Elements - cells and cell-like structures suspended in plasma

Serum - plasma with the clotting factors removed. Buffy coat is a white layer between the two larger layers, representing 1% of the volume where the WBC’s reside.

Question 31

Origin of Blood

Answer 31

Hematopoiesis

Question 32

Hematopoiesis

Answer 32

Process by which all blood cells are formed

Question 33

Hormone for Hematopoiesis

Answer 33

EPO - Erythropoietin

Question 34

EPO - Erythropoietin

Answer 34

stimulates red blood cell production.

Question 35

Location of EPO

Answer 35

Occurs in myeloid tissue - bone marrow, where large blood cell production occurs

Occurs in lymphoid tissue - lymphatic tissue - spleen, thymus, tonsils, and lymph nodes

Question 36

Hemocytoblast

Answer 36

undifferentiated mesenchymal cell, also known as PHSC - Pluripotent Hematopoetic Stem Cell, initial stem cell, or the Queen B cell, all the red and white blood comes from this stem cell

See these in bone marrow.