Lecture 5-7 - Semantics & Lexicon Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
What is semantics?
A
- Semantics is the study of the nature and the structure of meaning.
- Linguists working in the field of semantics are interested in meaning in human language
–> the study of MEANING (of words, phrases and sentences)
2
Q
Word meaning is conventional and arbitrary, describe!
A
Conventional:
• ‘agreement’ on a meaning
• we create the link and this meaning is set within our speech community (cf. different languages)
Arbitrary:
• no natural link between the form and the meaning of a word
3
Q
Describe Lexical, Sentential and Discourse semantics
A
Lexical semantics:
- concerned with the meaning of words/morphemes
Sentential semantics (phrasal semantics): - concerned with the meaning of syntactic units larger than words (e.g. phrases, clauses, sentences)
Discourse semantics:
- meaning that is created in context (very close to pragmatics)
4
Q
Describe the differences between semantics and pragmatics
A
Semantics:
objective, systematic study of the properties of meaning, focusing on what the words conventionally mean
Pragmatics:
study of the meaning intended by the speaker in context, on a particular occasion
5
Q
Semiotic triangle:
What is meaning?
A
- Word meaning is coded and conventionalized
- Saussure’s concept of the linguistic sign: The relationship between the two aspects of the linguistic sign is arbitrary
- Meaning is the relation between a linguistic expression and a mental category that is used to classify objects, i.e. a concept. (Plag et al. 2015)
6
Q
Describe the semiotic triangle
A
1) linguistic form/symbol (links u) –> symbolizes
2) thought/concept (oben) –> refers to
3) referent/object in reality (rechts u): linguistic form stands for referent
form –> hearing –> concept
concept –> speaking –> form
referent –> direct –> concept
concept –> indirect –> referent
7
Q
Describe the 3 different definitions of meaning
A
1st definition
- “Meaning is the relation between a linguistic expression and the entity for which it can be used” (Plag et al. 2009, a ‘possible’ but problematic definition)
- we commonly use words to point to objects or events in the world, direct connection between
words and things in the real world
2nd definition:
- Meaning is the relation between a linguistic formal expression (e.g. a morph) and a mental category that is used to classify objects, i.e. a concept.
- This is a conceptual approach which includes the notion of mental concepts as a third player which is different from the referents in the outside world
3rd view:
- “The meaning of a word is its use in the language” (Ludwig Wittgenstein)
- quite radical; but remember the meaning of “coffee”!
8
Q
Important aspect: meaning is a …
A
relation!
- -> A concept is in our head and is independent of language
- -> A meaning relates a linguistic form and a concept
Meaning is the relation between a linguistic expression (i.e. an arbitrary form, e.g. a morph) and a mental category that is used to classify objects (i.e. a concept)
(Plag et al. 150)
9
Q
Dimensions of word meaning:
Name the 3 pairs of important terms
A
- sense vs reference
- denotation vs connotation
- intension vs extension
l: language-internal (or intra-linguistic) side of meaning
r: language-external (extra-linguistic) reality
10
Q
Dimensions of word meaning:
Sense vs reference
A
Sense:
• Sense (1st definition): conditions that need to be met in order for the application of a particular word to be appropriate
• Sense (2nd definition): essentially defined by its relation to other expressions
e.g. old - young, medium - large- small
• sense is close to mental concept
Reference:
• Referent: object in the world picked out by a particular word or phrase
• Reference:
- the relationship of an expression (stored in the mind of a speaker/linguistic sign) and the referent
- it is an important function of words to pick out objects in the world
11
Q
Dimensions of word meaning:
Sense vs reference - give an example
A
Sense:
- President of the United States: ‘the elected political leader of the United States of America’
Referent:
- > Different referents:
- In 1789: George Washington
- In 2000: Bill Clinton
- In 2010: Barack Obama
- Now: Joe Biden
12
Q
Dimensions of word meaning:
Denotation vs Connotation
A
Denotation:
- primary meaning, dictionary meaning
- refers to the stable relationship between a linguistic expression and the concrete language external entities to which it refers
- Example: the denotation of “coffee” is simply all the coffee that can be potentially described by the word; is the same for you and me
Connotation:
- all associations/ideas/emotions that come to mind in relation to a linguistic expression
- Example: the connotations of “coffee” are all the associations we have that can be triggered by the word; are different for you and me – or even for you in the morning and in the evening!
13
Q
Dimensions of word meaning:
Denotation vs Connotation - give an example
A
Tree:
Denotation: different trees
Connotation: Relaxation, Park, children climbing trees, woods, birds, countryside, shade, roots, bark, …
14
Q
Dimensions of word meaning:
Intension vs Extension
A
Intension: - Set of semantic properties which are shared by all members e.g. bird: [+ animate] [- human] [+ wings] [+ feathers] - Semantic features, semantic properties, a word’s semantic components. (Componential analysis)
Extension:
- The actual entities in the real world that ”satisfy” the intension
- Extension of bird includes all birds: doves, parrots, penguins..
15
Q
How is meaning (linguistic) related to categorization (cognitive)?
A
Words –> Meanings –> Mental concepts
=> to understand word use, we need to understand mental concepts/categories
What is a table?
- When answering this, we use our mental concept “table”.
- The structure of that mental concept affects how we use word table => affects our language!
16
Q
Approaches to word meaning and categorization
3 famous approaches to categorization (cognitive):
A
- Semantic Feature Analysis (Aristotle)
- Family resemblance (Wittgenstein)
- Prototype Theory/ Fuzziness of Meaning (Rosch)
17
Q
Approaches to word meaning and categorization
Semantic feature analysis - example man/woman + pros and cons
A
man: \+ human \+ male \+ adult boy: \+ human \+ male - adult
woman: \+ human - male \+ adult girl: \+ human - male - adult
Pros:
easy to understand, easy to apply; naturally defines relations
Cons:
- features are themselves concepts!
- some objects are somehow better examples for a category (is penguin a bird?..)
- some features are not atomic
- componential analyses do not grasp all there is to word meaning
(spinster/bachelorette).
- which features should be listed (which are essential / necessary?)
- sometimes impossible to find core attributes at all (advice, threat)
18
Q
Approaches to word meaning and categorization
Semantic feature analysis - critique of Ludwig Wittgenstein
A
- one of the first to realize the problem with semantic features
- his famous example is the category GAME (tennis, cards, roulette, Solitaire, soccer, chess, …)
Game:
- done for entertainment
- somebody wins
- requires training or practice
- involves more than one person…
- > Problem: not all games share all those features
- > Wittgenstein’s suggestion was to speak about family resemblance (finding partial similarities)
19
Q
Approaches to word meaning and categorization
Prototype Theory by Eleanor Rosch
A
- Members graded according to their typicality
- Central members share many features with the prototype
Advantages of prototype theory:
- Allows for non-typical/ peripheral members
- Allows for gradience/ fuzzy boundaries
- Includes associative meaning (e.g. bachelor)
- Explains linguistic expressions that distinguish different grades of belonging to a category:
- typically
- strictly speaking, loosely speaking, technically speaking
- as such
- sort of, kind of, -ish
20
Q
Approaches to word meaning and categorization
Family resemblance theory vs. prototype theory:
A
- Similarity:
- Both allow gradience/fuzziness
- Both allow for incorporation of associative meaning
Difference:
- family resemblance does not declare some category members as most typical
21
Q
Lexicon:
How many full entries of words does the 2nd edition of the 20-volume Oxford English Dictionary contain?
A
171,476 words in current use
22
Q
Lexicon:
How many words does an educated adult speaker know?
A
Between 20,000 and 80,000
23
Q
Lexicon:
How fast can natives recognize a word?
A
200 milliseconds after its onset
well before it has been completely pronounced
24
Q
Lexicon:
How many words (on average) do a 2, 3 and 5 year old use actively?
A
two-year-old around 500 words
three-year-old over 1000
five-year-old up to 3000
25
Where are words stored mentally?
huge mental storage device called the mental lexicon
26
Lexicon:
| Give a short definition
the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge
27
Lexicon:
| Give a definition from a linguistic POV
In linguistics, a lexicon is a language's inventory of lexemes.
28
Lexicon:
| Of what parts do Linguistic theories generally regard human languages as consisting of?
1) a lexicon, essentially a catalogue of a language's words (its wordstock)
2) a grammar, a system of rules which allow for the combination of those words into meaningful sentences
lexicon is thought to include:
- bound morphemes which cannot stand alone as words (such as most affixes)
- compound words and certain classes of idiomatic expressions and other collocations
29
What do Dictionaries represent?
Attempts to list the lexicon of a language in alphabetical order
-> in the mind the lexicon is organized as a network (mental lexicon)
30
Are words/lexemes isolated from each other?
No, they are connected to each other -> word association test
- Strong psychological evidence for links among words in our minds
- The meaning of words is greatly influenced by their connections to other words
- There are different kinds of connections
31
Name problematic and interesting cases in connection with word meanings:
Synonyms:
word1 => meaning1
word2 => meaning1
eg.: I've just seen a bat flying around. He hit the ball with his bat.
Multiple meanings:
word1 => > meaning1, meaning2, meaning3
eg.: She hit the nail on the head. The rock hit him on the head.
--> the words have different meanings (lexical ambiguity)
32
If one compares the relation between different meanings, one can distinguish which forms of meaning variation?
polysemy and homonymy
33
Words and their senses:
| Describe Polysemy
Polysemy:
One form has related meanings
head
- Head of a person
- Head of a nail
- Head of an institution
mouse
- animal
- PC device
34
Words and their senses:
| Describe Homonymy
Homonymy:
One form has multiple unrelated meanings
bat
- small flying animal
- piece of wood for hitting a ball
bark
- a dog is barking
- the bark of a tree
35
Name the rwo special cases of (partial) homonymy:
1) Homophony:
- same sound
- two or more different forms have the same pronunciation
- eight, ate
- flower, flour
- knight, night
- die, dye
- be, bee
- bear, bare
- sent, cent
- chilly, chili
2) Homography:
- same written form
- same spelling, different pronunciation
- dove (sitting on a branch), dove (into the lake)
- tear (in my eye), tear (apart)
Homographs which are not pronounced identically are sometimes called heteronyms. All heteronyms are homographs, but not all homographs are heteronyms.
36
The network: Name different semantic relations among words
i) Synonymy: Synonyms
ii) Antonymy: Antonyms
iii) Hyponymy: Hyponyms (more specific) & hyperonyms (umbrella terms)
iv) Meronymy: Part-whole relations
37
The network: semantic relations among words
| Describe Synonymy: Synonyms
Synonyms are words of different form that have (approximately) the same meaning
- > beautiful, lovely, pretty, handsome
- > buy, purchase, acquire
- > try, attempt
38
The network: semantic relations among words
| What are complications with synonymy!
Synonyms are not always interchangeable:
1) I did a good job. - I did a good *occupation.
task - professional employment
2) I tried Sushi today. - I *attempted Sushi today.
do or use in order to discover whether one likes it - attempt to do something
As a special case, only one meaning of polysemous words may have a synonymy
-> head = boss?
=> On close inspection: no true synonyms / no perfect synonymy (only “near-synonyms”)
39
The network: semantic relations among words
| How do synonyms differ!
Synonyms may differ with regard to
- stylistic level
- social or regional variety
40
The network: semantic relations among words
| What is Euphemism?
the substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener; sometimes used to avoid taboo words, but also for fun
Einwanderer/ Personen mit Migrationshintergrund
- die/ pass away
- crippled > handicapped > disabled > physically challenged > differently abled
- Einwanderer/ Personen mit Migrationshintergrund
- Putzfrau/ Raumpflegerin
41
The network: semantic relations among words
| Describe Antonymy: Antonyms
- Oppositeness of meaning
- Antonyms are opposites with respect to at least one component of their meaning
big – small
clean - dirty
dead - alive
- -> A bit counterintuitively, to be opposites you need to have a lot in common!
eg. : come - go are opposites with respect to direction but both involve the notion of movement
42
The network: semantic relations among words
| Antonyms: Different types of lexical opposites:
- Gradable antonyms (gradable pairs)
- Complementaries (complementary pairs)
- Reversives
- Converses
43
The network: semantic relations among words
| Antonyms: Gradable antonyms (gradable pairs)
- polarity
- gradable pairs
- opposite poles of a continuum
- more of x is less of y
- large/small, hot/cold, clean/dirty, love/hate,...
- scale: hot, warm, tepid, cool, cold, freezing
44
The network: semantic relations among words
| Antonyms: Complementaries
- non-gradable, complementary pairs
- either-or
- not x = y
- alive-dead, true-false, temporary-permanent
*This answer is more true.
not alive = dead
45
The network: semantic relations among words
| Antonyms: Reversives
- directional opposites
- describe opposite directions of a movement
- enter-exit, come-go
46
The network: semantic relations among words
| Antonyms: Converses
- relational opposites
- describe the same situations from different perspectives
- buy-sell, teacher-pupil (student), employer-employee, mother-daughter
47
Words may have different opposites in different contexts:
- light bag, heavy bag
- light wind, strong wind
- light colors, dark colors
You know by now that words may have several meanings.
light has different antonyms in its different meanings.
48
Hypo- and Hyperonymy:
| What is Hyponymy? What is Hyperonymy? examples?
- Semantic hierarchies
- X is a kind of Y
- Hyperonym: superordinate
- Hyponym: subordinate
Hyperonym: color; Hyponym: red, blue, green, ...
Hyperonym: flower; Hyponym: rose, tulip, lily,...
Hyperonym: animal; Hyponym: dog, cat, ...
49
What is Meronymy?
- Part-whole relationship
- meronymy refers to parts of real objects
- pit is part of a peach, finger is part of a hand, branches + trunk = tree
50
Syntagmatic vs. paradigmatic relations
Julia loves strong tea.
Mary hates weak coffee.
Fred adores mild whisky.
syntagmatic relation ->
'horizontal' relationship between linguistic forms which co-occur in the same structure.
paradigmatic realtion !
'vertical' relationship of linguistic forms which can replace each other in a structure.
51
What are Collocations
cases of strong syntagmatic relations
patterns of co-occurence:
- some lexemes work together very frequently in predictable ways
- e.g. Happy birthday! but Merry Christmas!
Collocations form an important organizing principle in the vocabulary of any
language.
If you choose the wrong collocation in a foreign language, this is considered non- idiomatic linguistic behaviour and makes you sound foreign.
52
Give the Definition of Collocation
- co-occurrence of lexical items in a text (word partnerships)
- the increased likelihood of two elements to co-occur in a text
- the habitual juxtaposition of a particular word with another word or words with a frequency greater than chance
- statistical tendency of words to co-occur
53
Give examples for collocations
beige car and blond hair, NOT: blond car and beige hair
-> Blond collocates with hair
- strong NOT powerful coffee
- tall NOT high tree
- rich NOT deep taste
- big NOT large mistake
- great NOT big fun
- sweet NOT nice dreams
54
Collocations with get
Get: lost, fired, a job, a life, married
55
Collocations with take
Take: part in something, a break, a seat, a look, a picture, a chance
56
Collocations with have
Have: fun, lunch, dinner, a fight, a baby
57
Collocations with break
Break: the news, s/o heart, a promise, a record, a habit, the law, free
58
Collocations with catch
Catch: fire, a bus, a cold, the flu, a thief
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Collocations with save
Save: time, money, space, energy, someone a seat,
60
Syntagmatic associations among words
| Totally predictable collocations
addled eggs, rancid butter, blond hair
61
Syntagmatic associations among words
| Less predictable collocations
candle: burn, blow out, birthday, Christmas
brown: hair, bread, leaves, shoes, car
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Syntagmatic associations among words
| non predictable collocations
- but not everything goes
- have, be, the,...
- e.g. the can co-occur with a Numeral, Adjective, Noun but not with a Verb
63
What is a Colligation
- subtype of a collocation
| - occurrence of a lexical item in a grammatical structure
64
Give examples for a Colligation
looking forward to +ING
- I am looking forward to seeing you
- *I am looking forward to see you
the verb present + prepositional object construction
- *I’d like to present you my project
- I’d like to present my project to you
65
Collocational differences between language
kochen -> boil, cook, make, brew
boil water, boil/cook potatoes, cook/make stew, make/brew coffee
Schwarzbrot - brown bread
66
Collocational bonds
- affect words not necessarily immediately next to each other
- bridge word classes and syntactic structure
67
Give an example of a collocational bond
argument - strong:
- a strong argument
- she further strengthened her argument by...
- the strength of her argument
- she argued strongly for...
68
What are highly fixed collocations?
- sentence starters, frames, fixed phrases
- are stored as chunks/are stored as a single word
- are more than the sum of their parts
- have a specific pragmatic function
- cannot be modified (or very little)
- we have to learn them by heart -> patterns learned and used as wholes
A highly fixed collocational phrase with a non transparent meaning like out of the blue is often called an idiomatic structure/idiom
69
Give examples for highly fixed collocations
```
Good morning!
sick and tired
How do you do?
Have you ever...X?
ladies and gentlemen
```
70
Idioms: non-compositional expressions:
| The Principle of Semantic Compositionality
The meaning of a phrase or a sentence is determined by the meaning of its component parts and the way they are combined structurally.
Compositionality: the meaning of the whole is determined by the meanings of its parts and the way they are assembled
71
Idioms: semantically compositional, semi-compositional, non-compositional expressions
semantically compositional:
to cook some beans (bean + s is morphologically comp.)
- mean what the words mean
semi-compositional:
- to spill the beans = divulge information
non-compositional
- kick the bucket = to die
- out of the blue, play with fire
- they don't mean what the words mean, they have another meaning, different meanings
72
definition of an idiom
1. an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements and the general grammatical rules of a language
- e.g. tough cookie, over the moon, see the light or as clear as day
2. A group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words
3. Fixed collocational pattern/chunk which has a metaphorical meaning that is often not clear or obvious and which has to be learned by heart
73
Meaning classification:
| transparent/compositional and non-transparent/non-compositional idioms
Transparent/compositional:
- fight a losing battle, leave no stone unturned, as clear as day
- you can guess what it means
Non-transparent/non-compositional:
- kick the bucket, hit the hay (going to bed), saw logs
- you have no idea what it means
74
Syntactic Classification:
- Verb + object: draw the line, have second thoughts
- Prepositional phrase: in cold blood, out of the blue
- Compounds: a stumbling block, a couch potato
- Binominals: high and mighty
- Simile: as blind as a bat, as cool as a cucumber
- Conversational phrases: long time no see
- Sayings & proverbs: don’t count the chickens before they are hatched
- Lexical classification: to make a killing, to make your blood boil
- Classification via topics: idioms regarding food, the weather, body parts,
animals
75
Weather idioms
come rain or shine = whatever happens
fair-weather friend = doesn't support u in bad times
take a raincheck = postpone sthg
weather the storm = survive a difficult situation
blow hot and cold = keep changing ur attitude
76
food idioms
tough nut to crack = difficult problem
baker's dozen = 13
egg on one's face = be embarrassed, feel foolish
grain of salt = be skeptical of a statement
bigger fish to fry = have more important things to do
above the salt = of high standing or honor
bad egg = s/o who is not to be trusted
77
Idioms:
| Strong syntactic restrictions may apply to idioms:
Uncle Tony finally kicked the bucket.
* The bucket was finally kicked by uncle Tony.
* Uncle Tony’s kicking of the bucket was really sad.
78
Idioms:
| there is modification potential and some syntactic flexibility with some idioms:
spill the beans > The beans were spilled.
| take a rain check > take a long raincheck.
79
Idioms:
| Translational differences:
You can't translate idioms directly from one language into the other!
```
German:
- aus einer Mücke einen Elefanten machen
English:
- *make a mosquito out of an elephant
- to make a mountain out of a molehill
```
Katzensprung: *cat's jump
80
Phrasal and sentential semantics:
- The meaning that can be created by combining more than one word
- The lexicon is large but finite; (core) meanings can be listed
- You can create phrases and sentences in an infinite number, you can combine and create a sentence with a new meaning
Principle of Semantic Compositionality:
- The meaning of an expression is determined by the meaning of its component parts and the way in which they are combined
- e.g., large red balloon, a balloon which is red and large
- The order of the words is important too!
- e.g., Peter hit John, John hit Peter
81
Co(n)textual meaning:
- Lexical ambiguity is usually resolved by co-text, a word never shows up
alone, syntagmatic relations help to distinguish meaning (e.g. with polysemous words or homophones)
I have a problem with this letter.
B is the second letter in the alphabet.
I’ve never received a love letter in my life.
82
Source of ambiguity:
| lexical and/or structural
Lexical:
- The Rabbi married my sister
- did he marry her? Or did he perform the marriage ceremony?
Structural:
- Sherlock saw the man using a binocular
- does Sherlock have the binocular?
- Or does the man?
83
Phrasal and sentential semantics:
| Phrasal/sentential objective meaning (semantics) vs. speaker meaning (pragmatics)
Semantic:
- Phrasal objective meaning, what is coded in language?
Pragmatic:
- speaker meaning, what is intended/implied by the speaker in a specific context?
Wow, its really hot in here?
-> it's hot OR open the window?
Get a room!
-> making out w/ ur bf OR get a room for a party
Pragmatic meaning:
- depends on context!
- e.g., we need to talk
- can mean many things
84
Meaning relations among sentences:
| Relations among the propositions of declarative sentences
- Paraphrase (~synonymy)
- Entailment (~ hyponymy)
- Contradiction (~antonymy)
85
Meaning relations among sentences:
Relations among the propositions of declarative sentences
Paraphrase (~synonymy)
- Two sentences that have (roughly) the same meaning are called paraphrases of each other
- Pairs of sentences that are true under the same circumstances are said to have the same truth conditions
- The part of a meaning of a sentence that can be said to be either true or false is called the proposition (propositional content)
- A proposition describes a possible state of the world: either the world is such that ``Mary is running’’ or the world is not
- Paraphrases at the sentence level are parallel to synonyms at the lexical level
meaning relation: sentence A and B have (nearly) the same meaning
truth conditions: if sentence A is true, sentence B must be true as well
AND if sentence B is true, sentence A must be true as well
86
Meaning relations among sentences:
Relations among the propositions of declarative sentences
Paraphrase: Proposition and Truth Value
Proposition
state of affairs described by the sentence; “what is said about X”
Truth value
is the propositional content true or false? (Truth-conditional semantics)
(1) All men are mortal.
(2) Aliens are among us.
(3) All swans are white.
87
Meaning relations among sentences:
Relations among the propositions of declarative sentences
Entailment (~hyponymy)
- the truth of one sentence necessarily entails (implies) that of the other
- A entails B but not the other way around.
- If sentence A is true, Sentence B must be true as well
- but if sentence B is true, we cannot conclude that sentence A is true as well
(1a) Mary likes all fruit. =>entails (1b) Mary likes apples.
(2a) Mary is Judy's wife. =>entails (2b) Judy is married.
The entailments above are said to be asymmetrical; a entails b but not the other way round; in contrast the entailment in paraphrases is symmetrical.
88
Meaning relations among sentences
| Contradiction (antonymy):
- sentence A and sentence B contradict each other
- if sentence A is true, sentence B must be false (negative entailment; antonymy)
- if sentence B is true, sentence A must be false
(1a) Chris is Jane’s brother. (1b) Jane is an only child.
(2a) Charles is a bachelor. (2b) Charles is married.
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Semantic roles
How language really works
Who does what to whom?
- Action: Attack
- Entities involved: Attacker, The Attacked, Sword
90
Semantic roles (longer)
- We distinguish between the action that is being performed and the individuals (referential entities) being involved in the action
- Words that indicate relationships are called predicates (usually verbs)
- Words that indicate the independent individuals/entities are called semantic
arguments (usually nouns or nominal pronouns)
- The linking of arguments to their predicate it called predication
- Each predicate selects a different number of obligatory arguments
- The predicate (usually verb) is the most “powerful” element in a sentence because its semantics decides how many other elements must be mentioned for the sentence to be grammatical and meaningful
- A semantic relation that holds between a semantic argument and its predicate
- A role that a noun phrase plays in the event described by a sentence
- Semantic roles are the key elements in establishing who did what to whom
- Many types of relationships between an argument and its predicate
91
Name the Semantic Roles
1. Agent: entity actively and deliberately performing an action
2. Experience: sentient entity that receives sensory or emotional input
3. Force/Natural Cause: non-animate force which mindlessly performs the action
4. Patient/Theme: entity undergoing an action or process, either changing or not changing its state
5. Beneficiary/Benefactive/Recipient: element for or against whose benefit the action is performed (subtype of goal)
6. Stimulus: Entity that prompts sensory or emotional feeling
7. Instrument: entity used to carry out an action
8. Source: starting point of a movement, where the action originates
9. Goal: end point of a movement, where the action is directed towards
10. Location: place at which entity/action is located
11. Path: trajectory that lies between the source and the goal
12. Time: the time at which the action occurs
13. Manner: the way in which an action is carried out
92
Name the problems with Semantic Roles
Problems with semantic roles:
Problem 1: how many roles are there?
Problem 2: One role or several?
e.g., The chimney smoked -> chimney: force or source?
e.g. The bath is filled -> bath: theme? Patient? Recipient? Goal?
