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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 5 and 6: Nervous System Organization and Glial Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 5 and 6: Nervous System Organization and Glial Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the overall basic function of the nervous system?

A

receiving information about the environment (sensation) and generating and transmitting responses to that information (motor responses)

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2
Q

the nervous system can be divided into 3 functional regions responsible for:

A
  1. sensation (sensory function )
  2. response (motor function)
  3. integration (cognition)
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3
Q

what are stimuli for each of the *big 5 senses?

A
  1. smell - chemical substances
  2. taste - chemical substances
  3. touch - physical or mechanical stimuli (ie temp or texture)
  4. sight - light
  5. hearing - soundwaves and physical stimuli (ie vibrations)
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4
Q

what is visceral sensory stimuli?

A

stimuli that is sensed by the internal organs/fluid

-osmolarity
-pH
-elasticity

ex. chemoreceptors sense a change in fluid
mechanoreceptors sense changes n elasticity

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5
Q

stimuli that are received by sensory structures are then processed by the_______ through a process called________

A

nervous system , integration

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6
Q

once sensory stimuli are taken in, what happens during integration?

A

stimuli are compared or “integrated” with other stimuli and memories of other stimuli, emotional or physiological state of the person, etc. lead to a specific response

ex. a batter in a baseball game. When you see the pitch, you dont automatically swing, you look at the pitch decide what to do and then you swing

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7
Q

why are the complexities of processing important?

A

they allow us to tailor responses to specific stimuli

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8
Q

what is the CNS made up of?

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal cord
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9
Q

what is the PNS made up of?

A
  1. ganglion
  2. nerves
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10
Q

what does the CNS do?

A

is the control center of the body/brain

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11
Q

what does the brain do

I mean obv it does a lot of things but like generally

A

-comes up with responses to stimuli, emotions, memory, and communication

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12
Q

what does the spinal cord do?

A

sends motor commands from the brain to the periphery and also relays information from the periphery back to the brain

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13
Q

what does the PNS do?

A

processes internal and external environment changes

then sends that information to the CNS and receives info from the CNS

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14
Q

what is the organization of the PNS?

look at chart in notes :)

A

Input:
-afferent signals go back to the brain
-includes the
1. somatic senses
2. special senses
3. visceral senses

Output:
-efferent signals come from the brain
1. autonomic
2. somatic

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15
Q

what are the somatic senses?

A

Information from:
-skin
-muscles
-joints
-temp
-pain
-touch
-etc

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16
Q

what are the special senses?

A

-taste
-smell
-hearing
-sight

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17
Q

what is the autonomic part of the PNS?

A

divided in 2 parts:

  1. sympathetic: fight or flight
  2. parasympathetic: rest and digest

both: heart muscles, smooth muscles, glands, GI tract

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18
Q

what is the somatic part of the PNS?

A

control over skeletal muscles

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19
Q

what are the basic functions of neurons?

A

-neurons are the basic functional unit of the CNS

-in charge of:
1. receiving integral information
2. communicating that information to TARGETS

targets can be tissues, other neurons, glands, etc.

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20
Q

what are the basic functions of glial cells? (aka neurological cells)

A

-glial cells support neurons chemically and physically
-they support structure and processes of the neuron

**glial means glue,, they hold neurons together

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21
Q

what are the major parts of the neuron?

make sure you can label and understand the diagraming of the different parts

A
  1. cell membrane
    2.dendrites
  2. cell body
  3. axon
  4. axon hillock
  5. node of ranvier
  6. glial cell
  7. myelin
  8. axon terminal
  9. synaptic end bulbs
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22
Q

know the up close diagram of the dendrite and how logan gated channels and g protein receptors work

this is the quick and dirty explanation :)

A

:)

ligan gated channels both EPSPs and IPSPs come into contact with certain neurotransmitters from other neurons and then open up letting positive or negative ions respectively into the cell

g-protein receptors are a transmembrane protein which a membrane will bind to and communicate with other cells
(can also be excitatory or inhibitory)

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23
Q

dendrites contain two ligan gated functions that operate like________ with _____________

A

a door and key , neurotransmitters

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24
Q

what are the two major types of ligan gated channels?

A
  1. EPSPs- allow neurotransmitters to bind to the channel and allow POSITIVE IONS to enter the cell
    (makes the Em more positive)
  2. IPSPs- allows neurotransmitters to bind to the channel and allow NEGATIVE IONS to enter the cell
    (makes the Em more negative)
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25
what are g protein receptors?
g-protein receptors are a transmembrane protein which a membrane will bind to and communicate with other cells
26
what are the functions of the axon?
1. conduct action potentials 2. transport: (kinesin and dynein)
27
what is kinesin?
a protein transported from the cell body and down the axon to the axon terminal
28
what is dynein?
a protein transported from the axon terminal up the axon and to the cell body
29
what is myelin?
an insulating, lipid rich sheath that surrounds the axon of a neuron facilitates faster electrical transmission via saltatory conduction conserves energy for the axon **not all neurons are myelinated **some diseases (like MS) can lead to demyelination
30
what are the structural classifications of neurons?
1. pseudounipolar 2. multipolar 3. bipolar
31
what is a pseudounipolar neuron?
-one process emerging from the cell body -very long -exclusively sensory neurons
32
what is a bipolar neuron?
-2 processes from the soma -uncommon type -responsible for special senses
33
what is a multipolar neuron?
-had 3 or more dendrites -all of the other neurons that aren't pseudounipolar or bipolar
34
what are the functional classifications of neurons?
1. sensory: go from the PNS to the CNS 2. motor: go from the CNS to the PNS 3. interneurons: connect the neurons, between both like a bridge in the spinal cord
35
what are the 6 main types of glial cells? Which ones are in the CNS, which ones are in the PNS? -look at photo(s) for labeling!!!
CNS: 1. Microglia 2. astrocytes 3. ependymal 4. oligodendrocytes PNS: 5. satellite cells 6. schwann cells
36
what are microglia?
type of glia cell in the CNS -ingest and digest pathogens in the body through phagocytosis -are confined to the CNS (cells that do this function in other parts of the body are called macrophages
37
what are astrocytes?
type of glia cell in the CNS -contribute to the blood brain barrier -maintain extracellular fluid chemical balance -remove excess neurotransmitters -act as glycogen reserves -astrocytes secrete GROWTH FACTORS which stimulate endothelial cells to make receptor tighten and keep bad shit out **look at drawing
38
what are ependymal cells?
type of glia cell in the CNS -generate cerebrospinal fluid by filtering blood -considered a component of the blood brain barrier
39
what are oligodendrocytes?
-myelinate axons in the CNS and cranial nerve II -they are able to myelinate 30 to 60 axons -however they CANNOT regenerate
40
what are satellite cells?
type of glia cell in the PNS -surround the cell bodies of neurons, similar support functions to astrocytes except they don't contribute to the blood brain barrier -provide cushion to the cell body
41
what are schwann cells?
-contribute to myelination in the PNS, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves 3-12) -different from oligodendrocytes because they are at a 1 to 1 ratio with axons
42
astrocytes in the CNS are to what in the PNS?
satellite cells they both offer support
43
oligodendrocytes in the CNS are to what in the PNS?
schwann cells -they both insulate and myelinate
44
how does the terminology for a "localized collection of neuron cell bodies" differ from the CNS to the PNS?
CNS-nucleus PNS-ganglion
45
how does the terminology for "a bundle of axon" differ from the CNS to the PNS?
CNS-tract PNS-nerve
46
what is gray matter?
nervous tissue regions with many cell bodies and dendrites **not necessarily gray in color
47
what is the function of gray matter?
to receive information and regulate outgoing information
48
where is gray matter in the brain?
forms the outer layer and the inner nuclei
49
where is gray matter in the spinal cord?
the inner layer
50
what is white matter?
nervous tissue with many axons **white in color due to the presence of myelin sheaths
51
what is the function of white matter?
to transmit signals to other regions of the body
52
what is a disease of gray matter?
Alzheimer's (degenerative)
53
what are the 3 layers that cover the brain called?
meninges
54
what are the 3 layers of the meninges?
SKULL dura arachnoid pia BRAIN dap me up
55
what does the dura do?
adheres the brain and spinal cord to bone made up of dense connective tissue
56
what does the arachnoid do?
is involved in cerebrospinal fluid metabolism
57
what does the pia do?
is the thin sheath around blood vessels which contours to the brains wrinkles
58
what are the 4 major regions of the brain?
1. Cerebrum 2. Diencephalon 3. Brainstem 4. Cerebellum
59
What makes up the cerebrum?
-the cerebral cortex -the corpus callosum -the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes -special areas
60
the cerebrum makes up____________
most of the mass of the brain
61
the cerebral cortex
-is the wrinkled outer layer of the brain wrinkles-gyri (gyrus) crevices-sulci (sulcus) -made up of gray matter -separated by a fissure into ight and left hemispheres
62
the corpus callosum
-made up of white matter deep in the cerebrum -communication pathway between the hemispheres -sensory information from the right side of the body received by the left hemisphere and is passed to the right by the CC and vice versa
63
the frontal lobe
-executive functioning: -emotional regulation -problem solving -motor control -smell -personality
64
the parietal lobe
touch, temp, and pain sensing
65
the temporal lobe
hearing, memory and emotion, language processing
66
the occipital lobe
visual information processing
67
what are the two special areas located in the cerebrum?
1. Broca's area- In the LEFT hemisphere. Involved in speech production and articulation. Damage results in: expressive aphasia 2. Wernicke's area- in the LEFT hemisphere. Involve din language comprehension and speech production Damage results in: receptive aphasia
68
what is the diencephalon?
**name means "through brain" -connects the cerebrum and the rest of the nervous system with 1 exception: -does everything except for olfaction (smell)
69
what are the two major regions of the diencephalon?
1. thalamus 2.hypothalamus
70
the thalamus
-collection of nuclei that pass and process information between the cerebral cortex and the PNS/spinal cord/brainstem -all sensory information BUT SMELL passes through the thalamus before it reaches the cortex
71
the hypothalamus
-the executive region of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system through the regulation of the pituitary gland -also involved in memory and emotion
72
the brainstem
-made up of the midbrain and hindbrain (pons and medulla) -cranial nerves connect through the brainstem and major ascending and descending pathways pass through the brainstem
73
the midbrain
-responsible for pain modulation and motor movement (primarily of the eye) -houses many nuclei
74
the pons
-houses many important nuclei for the regulation of balance and breathing
75
the medulla
-the connection between the brainstem and spinal cord -modulates cardiorespiratory functions, various sensory functions and information (pain/temp/pressure) and vomiting
76
the cerebelllum
-the "little brain" -is covered in gyri like the cerebrum -primarily compares information from the cerebrum with peripheral sensory feedback through the spinal cord -plays an important role in voluntary motor movement and balance

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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