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1
Q

what are the 3 types of electrical recording of the eye used to diagnose ocular disease?

A

EOG, ERG, VEP

2
Q

The front of the eye has a slight ___ charge, and the back of the eye has a slight ____ charge

A

positive, negative

3
Q

an EOG measures the ____ difference on the eye

A

dipole

4
Q

An EOG is efficient in diagnosing ____ disease

A

Best’s

5
Q

what are the normal and abnormal arden ratio numbers

A

normal=2.5, abnormal=less than 1.9, (bests disease is typically 1.2 or 1.3)

6
Q

an EOG can also be used for….

A

sleep studies, (very efficient at determining REM state), eye tracking technology for military or paralyzed patients.

7
Q

in an EOG, where do you connect the electrodes?

A

temporally and nasally

8
Q

what is an arden ratio?

A

light/dark ratio as determined by an EOG

9
Q

what disease develops a patellaform (splattered egg-looking) macular degeneration often resulting in choroidal neovascularization into the retina, resulting in blindness?

A

Bests disease

10
Q

ERG measures….

A

retinal current…flashing lights induce electrical change in the retina

11
Q

an ERG basic waveform has what 5 parts?

A

a=rods and cones, b=on bipolarcells and muller cells, c=RPE, d=off bipolar cells, op’s=amacrine cells

12
Q

What is an OP?

A

oscillitory potential, found on the upswing between a and b waves

13
Q

where do the ticks of the oscillatory potential come from

A

amacrine cells

14
Q

a device that has a forehead rest, a chin rest, and 3 gaze position holes inside a dome is called a….

A

ganzfeld stimulator, used as the stimulus source during an ERG reading.

15
Q

which wave of the ERG waveform happens when the lights go out

A

d-wave

16
Q

what 3 things are placed on the patient for an ERG reading?

A

a lens/wire placed on cornea, a ground on the ear, a reference point on the forehead

17
Q

what are the 2 basic ERG measurements?

A

wave propagation time (implicit time) and amplitude.

18
Q

a 30 Hz flicker flashes ___ times per ____

A

30, second

19
Q

what inhibits oscillatory potentials?

A

glycine

20
Q

what method can you use to isolate oscillatory potentials?

A

30hz flicker

21
Q

what part of the ERG waveform represents ganglion cells?

A

none, you never see ganglion cell activity in the ERG waveform

22
Q

name 4 classic abnormal ERG findings

A

complete CSNB (congenital stationary night blindness), rod monochromatism, cone dystrophy, retinitis pigmentosa

23
Q

describe the ERG waveform of a patient with a retinal detachment…

A

nearly a flat line

24
Q

true or false: ERG wave amplitudes are inversely proportional to light intensity?

A

true, when pt is dark adapted the amplitudes are larger.

25
Q

When doing an ERG, you will want to measure photopic and scotopic, but in which order and why?

A

measure scotopic first then photopic, it takes less time if the patient is dark adapted first.

26
Q

stargardt’s disease targets:

a) ganglion cells
b) rods
c) amacrine cells
d) cones

A

d) cones

27
Q

An ERG reading with a flat line for the photopic 30hz flicker would be:

a) complete CSNB
b) rod monochromatism
c) cone dystrophy
d) retinitis pigmentosa

A

rod monochromatism, since there is no cone function with this disorder

28
Q

An ERG reading with a flat line for the rod specific would occur in which two:

a) complete CSNB
b) rod monochromatism
c) cone dystrophy
d) retinitis pigmentosa

A

a) complete CSNB, night blindness=no rod function
d) retinitis pigmentosa=no rod function due to peripheral vision loss which travels inward leaving the very center of the macula, causing tunnel vision, and leaving only photopic vision

29
Q

an ERG reading with an electronegative spike for the maximum scotopic response would occur in which:

a) complete CSNB
b) rod monochromatism
c) cone dystrophy
d) retinitis pigmentosa

A

a) complete CSNB

30
Q

An ERG reading with a “undetectable/blink artifact” v-shaped wave for transient photopic would occur in:

a) complete CSNB
b) rod monochromatism
c) cone dystrophy
d) retinitis pigmentosa

A

b) rod monochromatism

31
Q

ERG findings for cone dystrophy show….

A

normal on rod specific, moderate reduction on max scotopic responses, small and slow (decreased cone function) for photopic flicker and transient photopic.

32
Q

true or false: red light enhances your mesopic vision

A

true, it combines light sensitivity with clarity and rods and cones work closely together in your favor. thats why a dark room (used for photo developing) has a red light.

33
Q

a blue light is soley ___ response

A

rod

34
Q

true or false: an ERG is spectrally sensitive

A

true, we can use different wavelengths of light to get the ERG to respond differently. (red gives a mesopic response, while blue gives a rod only response)

35
Q

what is the difference between a focal ERG and a multifocal ERG?

A

Focal involves stimulating a small point on the retina, multifocal involves over 200 points on the retina. With multifocal, stimulus comes from an LCD screen rather than a ganzfeld.

36
Q

An mfERG 3-D image with a central hole an warm colors surrounding the center describes…

A

Stargartds disease-scotoma in macula, loss of central retina function, looks similar to AMD, however, this will show up in younger patients.

37
Q

An mfERG 3-D image with a prominent cone in center with warm colors, however, the surrounding area is blue-ish/dark describes

A

retinitis pigmentosa-no peripheral vision, cone is very pointy because only very central vision is left.

38
Q

An mfERG 3-D image with blue-ish/green flatter plane with no central cone describes…

A

Best’s disease-absence of cone represents no central vision, the darker the color the lower the retinal activity. leads to blindness.

39
Q

An mfERG 3-D image with incomplete central cone and normal warm colors surrounding cone describes….

A

AMD- incomplete cone represents macular degeneration. pt will have peripheriphal vision intact.