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ATS EMS MOD > lecture 5 - General principles of immune system > Flashcards

lecture 5 - General principles of immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general principles of the immune system? (7)

A
  1. defence
  2. pathogen recognition
  3. inter-cellular communication
  4. pathogen clearance
  5. adaption to pathogen
  6. self-regulation
  7. limitation of host damage
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2
Q

What 2 response is the immune system made up of?

A
  1. innate

2. adaptive

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3
Q

What 3 things make up the innate immune response?

A
  1. barrier and chemical mechanisms
  2. Pattern recognition receptors - PRR
  3. Cellular - phagocytes and natural killer cells
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4
Q

What 2 things make up the adaptive immune response?

A
  1. humoral

2. cellular

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5
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors?

A

detect pathogens and are mainly expressed by antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages.

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6
Q

What 4 families are PRR divided into?

A
  1. Toll-like receptors - TLRs
  2. NOD like receptors - NLRs
  3. Rigl-like receptors - RLRs
  4. C type lectins - CLRs
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7
Q

What are C type lectures (CLRs) also known as?

A

scavenger receptors

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8
Q

What are PAMPS?

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognised by the innate immune system.

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9
Q

What are DAMPS?

A

danger associated molecular patterns

host molecules that can initiate and bring about non-infectious inflammatory response

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10
Q

What are anti-microbial peptides and what are examples?

A

small molecular weight proteins with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses and fungi

  1. Defensins
  2. cathelin
  3. protegrin
  4. granulysin
  5. histatin
  6. secretory leukoportease inhibitor
  7. probiotics
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11
Q

What 3 types of cytokines are there?

A
  1. autocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. endocrine
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12
Q

What is an example of a fluid phase recognition molecule?

A

C type lectin family

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13
Q

What does the c type lectin family involve?

A
  • collectins
  • recognition of microbial complex carbs
  • role in neutralisation and recruitment of adaptive response
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14
Q

What are the 3 complement pathways?

A
  1. classical
  2. mannose binding lectin pathway
  3. alternative pathway
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15
Q

Whata re the 1st cytokines produced in response to an infection? (4)

A
  1. Il-1
  2. TNF
  3. IL-6
  4. Il-23
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16
Q

What are the cells of the innate immune system?

A
  1. macrophages - bind to LPS/ endotoxins and produce cytokines
  2. plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) - produces large amounts of IFN
  3. myeloid dendritic cells
  4. natural killer cells
  5. natural killer T cells
  6. neutrophils
  7. eosinophils
  8. mast cells and basophils
  9. epithelial cells
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17
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

phagocytose and kill bacteria by producing antimicrobial peptides.

They bind to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) /endotoxins

they produce cytokines which are small proteins which are important in signalling.

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18
Q

What do plasmacytoid denritic cells (DCs) produce and what do they do?

A
  • produces interferon (IFN)
  • IFN has natural anti-tumour and antiviral activity
  • found in T cells zones in lymphoid organs
  • also circulate in the blood
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19
Q

What are myeloid dendritic cells strong producers of and where are they located?

A
  • IL-12 and IL-10

- t zones of organs

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20
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

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A
  • kill foreign and host cells with low levels of MHC positive self peptides
21
Q

What do neutrophils produce?

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A

antimicrobial peptides

22
Q

What does eosinophils do?

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A

kill parasites

23
Q

What do mast cells and basophils do?

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A

release TNF, IL-6 and IFN in response to a variety of bacterial PAMPS

24
Q

What do epithelial cells do?

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A
  • produce anti-microbial peptides

- local innate immunity

25
What is clonal expansion and which system is it a part of adaptive or innate?
Lymphocyte response to infection and production of daughter cells arising from a single cell and have a high degree of specificity. adaptive
26
What are examples of primary lymphoid organs?
Bone marrow cells - B cells Thymus cells - T cells Involved in the development and selection of lymphocytes
27
What are examples of secondary lymphoid organs? (3)
immune response spleen lymphnodes mucosal surfaces
28
What is VDJ recombination?
generation of diversity and specificity to immunoglobulins and antigens
29
What is the striation of an antibody?
Fab region - binding occurs Fc region - disulphide bridges and body of the antibody
30
What is the mechanism of antigen presentatioN?
1. antigens are internalised 2. broken down to peptides 3. peptides associate with newly synthesised MHC class II molecules and are brought to the surfaces 4. foreign peptides are recognised by T helper cells which are activated 5. Helper T cells produce cytokines which trigger B cells and T cells
31
What are histocompatibility antigens and what are the 2 classes?
glycoporteins on the surface of mammalian cells Class I - HLA-A,B and C Class II - HLA-DP,DQ,DR
32
What does MHC stand for?
major histocompatibilty complex
33
What are the functions of class I and class II MHC proteins?
present antigenic peptides to T cells MHC class I - present peptides to cytotoxic T cells MHC class II - present peptides to T helper cells antigen is then internalised by B cells and presented on B cells to collaborate with T cell
34
What do T helper cells do?
secrete growth factors (cytokines) which control immune response and help B and T cells
35
What do suppressor T lymphocytes do?
dampens down immune system
36
How does binding of antigens to antibodies inactivate antigens? (4)
1. neutralisation 2. agglutination of bacteria 3. preciptation fo antigens 4. activation of complement system
37
How to cytotoxic cells destroy infected cell?
1. binds to infected cell 2. produces perforin 3. this makes holes in infected cell 4. enzymes enter and destroy
38
What are the 2 types of t helper cells and what do they do?
th1 and th2 Th1 - bacteria Th2 - parasites
39
What are the cytokines of the adaptive immunity?
IL-2,4,5,13,17 and INF gamma
40
What is immunosuppression?
suppressed immune system
41
What is immunodeficiency?
Immune system doesn't work efficiently
42
What contributes to what you are susceptible to?
malfunctions or deficiency in certain aspects of your immune system
43
Pneumonia susceptibity
no t cells
44
Pnemococcus susceptibility
lack PRR
45
CGD, staphlococcus, aspergillus
macrophages and neutrophils
46
SCID, opportunistic infections
effector T cells
47
Menigococcus
complement proteins
48
mycobacterium
cytokines
49
recurrent sino-pulmonary infections
B cells and BCRs

ATS EMS MOD (4 decks)

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