Lecture 5: Society & Institutions Flashcards
36,37.40,43,45 (123 cards)
1
Q
adherent (adherence, to adhere to)
A
a person who supports a particular idea or party
2
Q
convert (to) (conversion, to convert)
A
someone who has taken on a new set of beliefs
3
Q
fanatic (fanaticism, fanatical)
A
(disapproving) someone with a very strong belief that something is great
4
Q
radical (radicalism, to radicalise)
A
someone who believes there should be extreme change, often political
5
Q
reactionary (reaction, to react)
A
(disapproving) someone opposed to change or new ideas
6
Q
to be seeking to eradicate
A
to want to abolish/get rid of
7
Q
to justify / be justified
A
to show or prove to be right or reasonable
8
Q
tenet
A
a principle on which a belief is based
9
Q
proponents
A
person who publicly supports an opinion
10
Q
to derive from
A
to have their origins in
11
Q
to campaign
A
work in an organized and active way towards a particular goal, typically a political or social one
12
Q
civil disobedience
A
when a group of people express disapproval of laws by refusing to obey them
13
Q
viewpoint / point of view
A
way of thinking about a situation
14
Q
credible
A
believable
15
Q
incredulous
A
not wanting or able to believe something
16
Q
gullible
A
easily tricked into believing things that may not be true
17
Q
subjective
A
influenced by beliefs or feelings rather than facts
18
Q
plausible
A
convincing (opp.: implausible)
19
Q
attribute to
A
consider something to be caused or created by
20
Q
presume
A
believe something to be true although you’re not totally certain
21
Q
to give someone the benefit of the doubt
A
accept someone is telling the truth even though it is not certain
22
Q
to take what someone says with a pinch of salt
A
to not totally believe what you are told
23
Q
a festival …. in November each ear
A
falls
24
Q
a festival … people dressed in spectacular costumes
A
features
25
adjective for celebration
celebratory
26
festival / festivities
special day / enjoyable activities
27
adjective for festival
festive
28
parade verb
to parade
29
fest verb
to feat / be feasting / the feasting
30
adjective for ceremony
ceremonial
31
superstitious
have illogical beliefs about hidden forces in nature
32
centenary / bi-centenary
100th anniversary / 200th
33
flamboyant
extremely colourful and exaggerated
34
raucous
very noise
35
sombre
serious, heavy, sad
36
atmospheric
has a special feeling or atmosphere
37
can be traced back
its origin may be found in
38
pagan times
the times when people believed that nature had special powers
39
commemorate
to respect and remember officially, formal
40
fundamentally
in a basic and important way
41
denial
not allowing people to have
42
violation
act that spoils or destroys something
43
dignity
worth
44
poverty line
a fixed minimum standard
45
absolute poverty
being poor according to a fixed minimum standard
46
relative poverty
being poor in relation to others around you
47
social context
situation
48
income equality
relatively the same income between countries
49
extreme poverty
living below the poverty line
penury
50
human poverty
being poor in a range of ways, not only financial
51
shelter
having a place to live that is protected from the weather
52
nutrition
food that people take into their body
53
malnourished
suffering from ill health because of poor food
noun: malnourishment/malnutrition
54
literacy
ability to read and write
55
illiterate
not able to read and/or write
56
sanitation
systems for taking dirty water and waste from homes to ensure good hygiene
57
deprived, deprivation
lacking in things considered necessary for a pleasant life
58
to be classed
to be categorised
59
affluence, being affluent
wealth, wealthy
60
The super-rich
exceptionally rich people
61
to live on/below the breadline
having the level of income of an extremely poor person
62
to make ends meet
to have enough money to buy all you need
63
poverty-stricken (countryside)
affected by poverty
64
impoverished
poor, without much money to live on
65
destitute
without money, food, home or posession
noun: destitution
66
to be living from hand to mouth
having just enough money to live without suffering
67
money has been tight
there has not been much money
68
to tighten your belts
to spend less than before
69
income bracket
range of income woth upper and lower levels
70
to bend the law / rules
to break it in a way that is considered not to be very harmful
71
to contravene a law
to break a law
noun: contravention
72
to infringe a law/rule
to break a law/rules
noun: infringement
73
to impeach a president/governor
to make a formal statement saying that a person in public office has committed a serious offence
noun: impeachment
74
to lodge an appeal
to make an official request that a previous judgement should be changed
75
to uphold/overturn a verdict
to say that a previous decision in court was correct/incorrect
76
to pervert the course of justice
to make it difficult for justice to be done
noun: perversion
77
to quash a conviction
to change a previous official decision that someone was guilty
78
to set a precedent
to establish a decision which must usually, in English law, be taken into account in future decision
79
to award/grant custody to
to give one parent or adult the main responsibility for a child, especially after separation or divorce
80
to annul a(n) agreement/marriage/law
to declare that it no longer exists and never existed
noun: annulment
81
to sue someone
to take legal action against someone
82
to allege
to say someone has done something illegal without giving proof
noun: allegation
"And all of your favourite musicians beat their wives. ALLEGEDLY!"
83
to amend a law
to make changes to a law -> amendment
84
discrimination, to discriminate
unfair treatment on grounds of sex, gender, race, nationality, sexuality, ethnicity,...
85
embezzlement, to embezzle, an embezzler
stealing money that belongs to an organisation you work for
86
harassment, to harass,
putting undue pressure on someone, e.g. for sexual reasons to get a debt repaid
87
insider trading/dealing
to do/practise insider trading/dealing
an insider trader/dealer
illegal buying and selling of shares by someone who has specialist knowledge of a company
88
money laundering
to launder money
a money launderer
having money obtained illegally to that its origin cannot be traced
89
perjury
to commit perjury
a perjurer
lying when under oath
90
stalking
to stalk
a stalker
following someone or giving them unwanted or obsessive attention
91
trespass/traspassing
to trespass
a trespasser
to go onto someone else's land without permission
92
a law-abiding person
someone who always obey the law
93
a law-breaker
someone who often and deliberately does not obey the law
94
to take the law intoyour own hands
to do something illegal to punish someone cause you feel the legal system will not punish the person
95
to lay down the law
to say with great force what you think should happen
96
someone is a law unto themselves
they behave in a way which is independent and not the way in which most people behave
97
sustainable development
development which can continue over a long time
98
to take root
to start to be accepted
99
encouraging signs
looking gooooood
100
to achive economic growth
to grow .... economically?
101
to recover from a long decline
to get better from a long period of bad economics
102
to live in deep poverty
abject poverty (collocation)
103
allocating funds
giving to be used for a particular purpose
104
pursuing policies
following policies (collocation)
104
development grants
money to help development
105
eradicate poverty
to get rid of completely of sth bad
106
Schulden abbezahlen
to repay debt
107
debt burden
easing the debt burden, cancelling debt
108
debtor countries/nations
a nation whose debts to other countries exceed its foreign investments
109
Debt relief
alleviating debt
110
restrictive practices
the placing of unfair restrictions, e.g. limiting imports
111
sanctions
restrictions on what a country may import/export
112
embargo/emargoes
total prohibitions on importing/exporting certain goods
113
verb das zu embargo passt
to impose/to lift
114
einheitliche Geldeinheit
monetary union/ single currency
115
a country badly affected by war
war-torn country
116
economies in a bad state
ailing economies
117
reduction/increase in value against other currencies
Devaluation/Revaluation
118
the verb meaning to reduce the value of a currency
to devalue
119
economies .... into ....
to go into recession / to come out of recession, to emerge
120
double-dip
a recession which ends and then begins after a short time
121
to boost the economy
to give the economy a lift
122
a slump in prices
serious fall/ collapse in prices
