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Lecture 6 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Instrumental value ? example

A

Something is good because it provides the means for acquiring something else of value. Money

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2
Q

Intrinsic value? Example

A

The inherent worth of something, independent of it’s valued to anyone or anything else. Happiness

Moral value

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3
Q

5 ethical positions on the moral status of animals. Who spear headed them?

A
  1. Human centric. Aquila’s, Descartes
  2. Animals utilitarianism. Peter singer
  3. Animal rights. Tom regan
  4. Communitarian. Bernard rollin
    Ethics of care. Mary midgley
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4
Q

Aquinas view

A

It’s wrong to be cruel to animals bc of human welfare. Animals are intended for man’s use in the natural order

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5
Q

Descartes

A

Animals do not use language and therefore are incapable of thought

The reason animals don’t speak isn’t bc they don’t have the organs but bc they have no thoughts

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6
Q

Human centric

A

Animals are but here for our use and to serve us

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7
Q

Division in ethical theory

A

Consequentialism. Utilitarian

Non consequentialism. Rights based

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8
Q

What is consequentialism

A

View that morality of actions of institutions is a function of their consequence.
If consequences are good, action or institution is good

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9
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

Utilitarian. The morally relevant question about animals is not can they reason or can they talk but can they suffer

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10
Q

What is utilitarianism

A

All that matters is if the animal can experience happiness and unhappiness pleasure and Pain

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11
Q

Singers 4 philosophical commitments

A
  1. Concept of equality
  2. Principle of equal consideration of interests.
  3. Speciesism
    4. Sentience is necessary and sufficient for having interest
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12
Q

Equality

A

Humans are equal not in capabilities but they deserve equal consideration of interest

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13
Q

Equal consideration of interests

A

Interests of every individual affected by an action counts as much as the other. Everyone preferences are counted as equal

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14
Q

Speciesism

A

Prejudice or attitude bias towards the interests of one’s own species. Major issue for signer. Argument from marginal cases

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15
Q

Marginal case argument

A

If being rational is what permits us to deny direct moral status to animals then we can likewise deny that status to any human that is not rational.
Ex disabled , infants

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16
Q

Sentience

A

Consciousness of pain. It’s Necessary and sufficient for having interests.

If they can feel pain and have emotional distress they should count morally

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17
Q

In singers mind what common practices are speciesist

A

Agriculture industries, science research and testing, recreation and entertainment, wildlife hunting

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18
Q

Singers conclusion

A

In an experiment if suffering is greater than the benefit it shouldn’t happen and it’s morally wrong

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19
Q

Strengths of utilitarianism

A

Impartial as everyone is equal, intuitively plausible happiness is good pain is bad, action guiding risk benefit analysis, make the world better do good minimize harm

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20
Q

Defence against marginal case

A

Humans are above animals bc being human is a morally relevant property

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21
Q

Criticisms for utilitarianism

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A
  1. Is happiness and preferences the only thing that matters?
  2. Are consequences all that matter?
  3. Backward looking reasons
  4. Too demanding
  5. Personal relationships
  6. Pleasure associated with hideous actions
22
Q

Are consequences all that matter? Fundamental point

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A

In order. To determine whether an action is right or wrong we must look at what will happen as a result of doing it. Doing something thst is morally wrong so the consequences is not all that matters example killing a horrible person to get their money.

23
Q

What is utilitarian at odds with

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A

The idea that people have rights that may not be tramples on merely bc one anticipates good results

24
Q

Backwards facing reasons

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A

Promise imposes an obligation that can’t be overcome by small changes in utility excludes consequences and focuses only on future

25
Too demanding means what
Hard to live life constantly doing moral calc
26
Deontogical principles
Duty. Certain actions we must do despite the consequences, hardships or our disinclination to do it.
27
Kant
Rights based approach. Respect for people. Can’t treat people as a means to an end as it’s morally wrong
28
Kane and animals
People have special value, desires, goals and have intrinsic values as they are rational agents capable of making their own decisions.
29
Kant and suffering
Suffering is not the fundamental wrong, it’s a consequence of the fundamental wrong. It’s a result not a cause
30
Tom regan
Objections to utilitarianism Subjects of a life argument
31
What does it mean by holder of rights
Holder of rights have interests. Doesn’t need to be able to express those rights. Regan
32
Why do humans have moral rights
Human is the subject of a life criteria
33
What is subject of a life
Any individual who has beliefs, desires, memory, sense of future … individual welfare important of oneself independent of anyone else’s interests Regan
34
Regan on human and animal rights
Both are subjects of life and should have moral rights
35
Diff from regan to singer
Not based on sentience but based on having desires Recognition of individual rights
36
Regans conclusions Abolishment’s
Subjects of life should not be used simply as a means to others ends Eliminate meat eating as an institution Abolish animal use in research Abolish recreational hunting Abolish pet ownership
37
Communitarian people
Aristo,the, Theophrastus, rollin
38
Aristotle
Reject animals in moral community
39
Theophrastus
Animals enjoy kinship with us
40
Rolling
Intuition that we favour those made close to us by blinds of blood friendship or love
41
Books by Bernie rollin
Animal rights and human morality The unheeded cry The Frankenstein syndrome Farm animal welfare Veterinary medical ethics
42
Main characteristics of rollins view
Production circumstances have frustrated personal ethic of farmers/ traditional husbands ethic New social ethic about animals have emerged as a supplement to tradition concerns about cruelty pain and suffering There are certain social expectations about what constitutes human treatment of animals
43
Telos thoughts
Nature, function, set of activities intrinsic to an individual of. A particular species evolutionarily determine and genetically imprinted
44
Telos on how to promote animal welfare The moral imperative
Raise them in ways that respect their nature We should treat animals in ways that allow them to flourish according to their natures
45
Either of car approach
Mary midgley Moderate approache Strand of feminist philosophy Focuses on relationships at the personal level
46
Midgley
Either if care approach Opposes argument for moral consistency ( not opposed to speciesism) Preference for members of a particular race is learnt and preference for members of own race is as natural as preference for members of own family
47
Mary midgley belived that animal agriculture should be based on ….
Reciprocal convention. If we use animals or own them, then we have a role defined responsibility to care for their needs
48
Ensure that husbandry activity conditions meet the following
Enhance biological functioning Ensure they feel well Promote species specific behaviour
49
Encourage human responsibility
Level of food animal owners Level of consumers?
50
Practical implications of ethics of care approach
Encourage more studies on how relationships can improve animal and human well being and production Emphasize empathy and caring attitudes when selecting farm staff Ensure that farmers gave and can afford enough staff to provide the level of care they see as right
51
Ethics of care approach reflects
General agreement that people have a responsibility to look after the animals with which we form certain types of community Common emphasis on responsibilities rather than rights for animals Concern for species with which we form the greatest community with
52
Concerns about the e5ics of care approach
Does not go far beyond traditional relationships with animals What about animals with which we are not in a community with? Like wild animals The notion of community is fluid and precarious What about animals that are regarded as pests? Do they not deserve some protection especially if they can also suffer or have inherent value ?

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