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Pests, Parasites and beneficials > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Order: Hemiptera

A
  • True bugs
  • Hugh order: Diverse
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2
Q

How many species fo hemiptera?

A

50-70,000 species

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3
Q

How many families of Hemiptera?

A

About 100 families

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4
Q

How many species of hemiptera in Ireland

A

About 770 species

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5
Q

Hemiptera characteristics

A
  • Half winged
  • 2 parts to wings (generally), forewings modified by hardening
  • Mouthparts- rostrum
  • Piercing/ sucking mouth parts: can be sap-sucking plat feeder, blood sucking ectoparasite or predator
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6
Q

Hemimetabolous

A
  • Incomplete metamorphosis
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7
Q

How may sub orders?

A
  • 2
  • Based on wings
    -Heteroptera
    -Homoptera
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8
Q

Sub-order Heteroptera

A
  • Known as true bugs
  • Herbivores and carnivores
  • Bed bugs, shield bugs, bugs on or in water
  • 50,000 species worldwide
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9
Q

Shield Bugs

A
  • Family: Acanthosomatidae
  • ‘Stink bugs’ in USA
  • 21 species in Ireland
  • Parent shieldbug (Elasmucha grisea)
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10
Q

Hemiptera

A
  • Damage done by plant-feeding species
    1. Direct removal of plant nutrients
    2. Injection of phytotoxic saliva (causing growth distortions)
    3. Excretion of ‘honeydew’ waste- clogs plant stomata; inhibits gas exchange across leaf-lamina and inhibits photosynthesis; provides a medium for growth of sooty moulds etc- blocks light and photosynthesis
    4. Transmission of plant-pathogenic viruses
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11
Q

‘Caspid’ or ‘mirid’ bugs

A
  • Family: Miridae
  • Brown (potato) capsis (Calocoris norwegicus)
  • Green capsid (Lygocoris pabulinus)
  • Causes damage to potato tops, sugar beet, tree foliage, peas
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12
Q

Bed bugs

A
  • Family: Cimicidae
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13
Q

Sub-order: Homoptera

A
  • Forewings same texture throughout
    -Held roof wise over body rather than flat
  • All vegetarian
  • Cicadas, leaf hoppers, aphids
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14
Q

Leaf-hopper

A

Family: Cicadellidae

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15
Q

Frog-hopper

A

Family: Delphacidae

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16
Q

Whiteflies

A

-Family: Trialuridae
- Glasshouse whitefly (Trialuroides vaporarium)

17
Q

Tobacco Whitefly

A
  • Bemisia tabaci
  • Similar to glasshouse whitefly
  • Found globally
  • Field, vegetable and ornamental crop production
  • Carrier of plant disease
  • Pest of salad crops eg tomato, cucumber etc
  • Carrier of plant disease eg tomato yellow lead curl
  • Any found in Ireland so far has been eradicated
18
Q

What is whitefly’s natural enemy?

A

Parasitoid wasp (Encarsia Formosa)

19
Q

Superfamily: Aphidoidea

A
  • Aphids
  • 5000 species describes, 450 as pests
  • Damage by removal of sap, honeydew
  • Transmission of viruses
20
Q

Family: Aphididae

A
  • Aphids/greenfly/blackfly
  • Females mainly perthenogenetic: nymphs borne alive (viviparous)
  • Tube- like ‘cornicles’
21
Q

Aphids- morphological forms

A
  • Apterae (wingless females)
  • Alatae (winged females)
  • Alate nymph (developing wings
22
Q

Aphid Mouthparts

A

Slide 37

23
Q

Aphid life cycle

A
  • Parthenogenesis
  • Vivipary
24
Q

Aphid structure

A

-Head
-Antennae
-Siphunculus (emits alarm pheromones)
-Cauda (tail)
-Rostrum (used for feeding)
-Legs
-Thorax
-Abdomen

25
Q

Aphids in Ireland

A

-Grain aphids (Sitobion avenae)

26
Q

Green spruce aphid

A

-Elatobium abietinum

27
Q

Mealy cabbage aphid

A
  • Brevicoryne brassicae
  • On OSR in Summer
28
Q

Mealy cabbage aphid

A
  • Brevicoryne brassicae
  • Brussel sprouts in winter
29
Q

Aphid biocontrol

A
  • Marmalade hoverfly
  • Episyrphus balteatus
30
Q

Natural Biological Control

A
  • Fungus- infected aphids
31
Q

Mummifies Aphids

A
  • Attacked by parasitoid wasps
32
Q

Scale insects

A
  • Family: Coccidae
  • Brown soft scale (coccus hesperidium)
33
Q

Mealy bugs

A

-Family: Pseudococcidae
-Long-tailed mealybug (Pseudococcus longispinus)

34
Q

Cochineal scale bugs

A
  • Dactylopious spp
  • Common on cacti
  • Used for red dye
35
Q

Plant Suckers

A
  • Family: Psyllidae
  • Apple psyllid (Psylla mali)

Pests, Parasites and beneficials (12 decks)

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