Lecture 6 Flashcards
Global leadership
What is leadership?
the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating
individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives.”
Leadership style types
- Transformational Leadership
- Charismatic Leadership
- Transactional Leadership
- Team-oriented Leadership
- Authoritarian Leadership
- Laissez-Faire Leadership
- Benevolent Leadership
- Autocratic Leadership
- Gate-keeping Leadership
- Democratic Leadership
- Symbolic Leadership
- Humane Leadership
- Participative Leadership
- Self-protective Leadership
- Autonomous Leadership
- Entrepreneurial Leadership
Transformational leadership
encourages and inspires employees to innovate and develop new ways to grow and improve the path to a company’s future success.
Transactional leadership
a leadership styles which emphasizes order, structure and achievements and individual interests and extrinsic motivation as means to obtain a desired outcome.
Gate-keeping leadership
Removing barriers to achieve success.
Symbolic leadership
The symbolic leader concentrates on the shared vision, culture, and values to influence followers and lead the organization.
What is the comparative leadership research in research?
a descriptive approach that looks at the differences in leading behaviors across cultures.
What is the global leadership approach in research?
Approach that emphasizes developing leadership capabilities that can be used across different cultures.
What are the cultural dimensions by Trompenaars?
- Universalism- particularism
- Individualism- collectivism
- Specific vs. diffuse
- Neutral vs. affective
- Achievement vs. ascription
- Time perspective
- Relationship with the environment
Trompenaars: universalism vs. particularism
The
degree to which rules are uniformly
or situationally applied.
**Universalism: **Cultures that emphasize rules, laws, and general principles that apply to everyone. People in these cultures believe that what is right or wrong is universally applicable, regardless of the situation or the people involved.
Particularism: Cultures that prioritize relationships and circumstances over rules. People in these cultures believe that each situation and relationship dictates the rules and that flexibility is essential.
Trompenaars: individualism vs. collectivism
Do people
derive their identity from within
themselves or their group?
Individualism refers to people regarding themselves as individuals, while communitarianism refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group
Trompenaars: specific vs. diffuse
Is (social) life more compartamentalized and differentiated or more integrated?
Specific: Cultures where people have a clear separation between their work and personal lives. Relationships and roles are compartmentalized, and interactions are often direct and to the point.
Diffuse: Cultures where there is a significant overlap between work and personal life. Relationships are more holistic, and people engage with each other in multiple contexts, leading to more nuanced and indirect interactions.
Trompenaars: neutral vs. affective
Are individuals free to express their emotions or are they restrained?
**Neutral: **Cultures where emotions are controlled and not openly expressed. People tend to hide their feelings and maintain a composed exterior, focusing on reason and logic in interactions.
Affective: Cultures where emotions are openly and naturally expressed. People openly show their feelings and are more likely to display their emotions in interactions, leading to a more expressive communication style
Trompenaars: achievement vs. ascription?
How are
people accorded respect and social
status?
**Achievement: **Cultures where status is based on accomplishments and performance. People are valued for what they have achieved and their skills, rather than who they are or their background.
Ascription: Cultures where status is attributed based on** factors like age, gender, social connections, or family background**. Who you are is more important than what you have accomplished.
Trompenaars: time orientation
‘Do people focus on
the past or the future?’
**Sequential: ** Cultures that view time as linear, with events happening in a specific order. People in these cultures tend to focus on one task at a time, value punctuality, and have a structured approach to time management.
Synchronic: Cultures that see time as more fluid and cyclical. People often multitask and are more flexible with time, focusing on relationships and adapting to changes rather than strictly adhering to schedules.
Trompenaars: relationship with the environment
‘Do
people control their environment or
does it control them?’
**Internal Control: ** Cultures where people believe they can control their environment and outcomes through their actions. There is a focus on self-initiative and personal responsibility.
External Control: Cultures where people believe that their environment and external forces largely dictate their outcomes. There is an acceptance of fate and a focus on adapting to circumstances rather than trying to change them.
What were Trompenaars ideas on culture and his cultural dimensions?
- He believed cultures are not linear but rather arcs that are joined together
- Cultures are dynamic, not static. They may oscillate between different values and behaviors depending on the context
- Within a culture, there is often an effort to balance and manage opposing values.
- Cultural values do not exist in isolation; they interact and self-organize into complex systems that produce new, emergent meanings.
- While all cultures face similar fundamental dilemmas (e.g., the balance between individualism and collectivism, the expression of emotions), they develop unique and creative solutions that go beyond merely choosing one side of the spectrum.
Globe study
House et al.’ s (2004) research on the relationship between culture and leadership resulted in the GLOBE research program.
It was initiated in 1991 and involved more than 161 investigators
Used quantitative methods to study the responses of 17,000 managers in more than 950 organizations in 62 different countries
In the Globe study what were some universally good traits?
Accepted as good
- Integrity
- Performance orientation
- Visionary
- Inspirational
- Team-integrator
In the Globe study what were some universally bad traits?
Accepted as bad
- Irritable
- Ruthless
- Malevolent
- A loner
- Non-cooperative
- Dictatorial
- Egocentric
What is the pyramid leadership model?
A leadership model that focuses on creating leadership competencies that work across cultures (more developmental)
What are the four key elements of global leadership
- Scanning: paying close attention to global events, trends and opportunites
- Attentiveness: an openness to multiple realms of action and meaning?
- Articulation: the ability to understand cultural manners in addition to knowing when culture is and is not important
- Integration: ability to integrate ideas and actions oriented towards global and local levels.
What are the threshold traits in the pyramid model?
- Integrity
- Humility
- Inquisitiveness
- hardiness
What are system skills in the pyramid model
Things a global leader should be:
Community builder: Leaders should build a community.
Boundary spanner: the leader is aware of the boundaries and then builds bridges along the
boundaries.
Organizer: The leader has organizational skills.
Change manager: A leader believes in change and needs to have the intention to change.
Stakeholder liaison: The leader considers all the stakeholders.
Ethical decision-maker: A leader knows how to make decisions ethically.
