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BIOL 3450 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Groundwater

A

Water that exists underground in saturated zones beneath the land surface. Including all subsurface sources including those in soil solution

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2
Q

Void Spaces

A

(pores/fractures) in the bedrock

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3
Q

What are void spaces important for maintaining

A
  • streamflows
  • drinking water
  • irrigation
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4
Q

Groundwater Distribution (Aeration/Unsaturated/Vadose zone)

A

Land surface to top of the phreatic zone

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5
Q

Groundwater Distribution (Capillary Fringe)

A

Region in which water seeps/wicks up from vadose zone

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6
Q

Groundwater Distribution (water table)

A

Top of saturated zone

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7
Q

Groundwater Distribution (saturated zone)

A
  • Region in which space is filled with water
  • Coincides with most rivers and lakes at surface to swamps, ponds
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8
Q

Groundwater Distribution (Aquifer)

A

Layer of water bearing material (permeable; supports springs)

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9
Q

Groundwater Distribution (Aquitard)

A

Layer that retards water flow (ex. clay)
Relatively impermeable

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10
Q

Groundwater Distribution (Aquiclude)

A

Layer absorbs, holds but does not transmit water
Impermeable

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11
Q

What is a Perched Water Table

A

Aquifer that occurs above the regional water table

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12
Q

What is a Spring

A

Exit point at which groundwater emerges from the aquifer and flows onto the top of the Earth’s crust to become surface water

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13
Q

What is a Well

A

Is a hole made into the ground to access water contained in an aquifer

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14
Q

What is a Watershed (Surface Water)

A

An area of land in which percipitation drains to a common point on a stream, river, pond, lake or other body of water (drainage basin)

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15
Q

What is the Groundwater Divide

A

A curve representing the water table ridge (described with contours of the groundwater level) that seperates the flow domain into subdomains

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16
Q

Where does Groundwater Divide Flow

A

Flows from upland recharge areas to valley discharge areas

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17
Q

What is an Aquifer?

A

Geological formations:
1. stores
2. transmits
3. yields water

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18
Q

What does the Aquifer Depend on:

A

The geology: recharge, aquitards, aquicludes, etc.

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19
Q

What are Unconfined (water table) Aquifers Influenced By:

A

Atmosphere (need pump)

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20
Q

What is an Artesian Well:

A

A well that brings groundwater to the surface without pumping because it is under pressure within a body of rock and/or sediment in a confined aquifer

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21
Q

Wells: Cone of Depression/Ascension

A

Active withdrawal of groundwater can have consequences by changing the slope or shape of the water table
- Continental and Costal wells

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22
Q

What is Hydrodynamic Equilibrium

A

When discharge = recharge

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23
Q

Hydrodynamic Disequiliburium

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A

Discharge > recharge

24
Q

That is Groundwater Hydrology

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A

Deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in soils and rocks of the Earth’s crust

25
What is Groundwater Hydrology based on?
- Hydraulic gradients: i = change in h/ change in length - On gradient - Groundwater flows perpendicular to equipotential lines
26
Groundwater Hydrology Abilities and Characteristics (3):
1. Porosity 2. Permeability 3. Dispersivity
27
Groundwater Hydrology: Porosity
Ability to hold water (void spaces) P = Volume (pore)/ Volume (total)
28
Groundwater Hydrology: Permeability
Ability to transmit water Hydraulic Conductivity (k): k = QL/ Aht, time to flush a sediment-filled column
29
Groundwater Hydrology: Dispersivity
Ability to mix groundwater
30
Permeability: Hydraulic Conductivity (k) Depends on:
1. Pore size 2. Path Length 3. Friction in the Pore 4. Fluid Viscocity 5. Density
31
Hydraulic Conductivity (k) What Does the Equation Do?
Measures k (cm/s) in diverse materials like stream sediments using a constant-head pereameter
32
Hydraulic Conductivity (k) What Does k Depend on:
The material
33
Darcy's Law for Groundwater Flow:
Discharge (Q) = (permeability (k) x Area x hydraulic gradient (i))/ (effective porosity (η)) Velocity (V) = (permeability (k) x hydraulic gradient (i))/ (effective porosity (η))
34
Groundwater Biology: What is Epigean?
Surface dwelling
35
Groundwater Biology: What is Hypogean?
Being, living or growing underground or below surface
36
Groundwater Biology: What is Stygobiont/Stygofauna?
Groundwater-dwelling organisms
37
Groundwater Biology: What is a Stygophile?
Surface-dwelling (epigean) species with incipient adaptation to the groundwater life and able to maintain permanent subterranean populations
38
Groundwater Biology: What is Stygobite?
Obligate groundwater inhabiting species
39
Groundwater Biology: What is Stygoxene?
Species only occuring sporadically in groundwater habitats without permanent subterranean populations
40
Features of Groundwater Biology
- Typically small - Eyeless - Colourless - Adapted to dark - Nutrient-poor - Spatially constrained - Interstitial habitats
41
Groundwater Environments
- Spatial gradients (water depth) - Environmental conditions change - Ecological factors change - Upper and lower boundaries - Metazoans vs. Microbes
42
Groundwater Environments (changes in environmental conditions):
Decreased light, decreased oxygen, increased temperature, increased sulfer
43
Groundwater Environments (changes in ecological factors):
- Decrease organic carbon - Increase in oligotrophy - Decrease in photosynthesis - Decrease in predation - Decrease in competition - Increase in detritivory - Increase in omnivory - Increase in chemoautrophy
44
Groundwater Environments (Upper Boundary)
Ecological factors/interactions determine species limits
45
Groundwater Environments (Lower Boundary)
Physiological factors determine species limits
46
Groundwater Biology Characteristics: Subterranean Evolution (3 phases)
1. Loss 2. Increase 3. Decrease
47
Groundwater Biology Characteristics: Subterranean Evolution - Loss
Loss of eyes, pigmentation, wings, water regulatory processes, and various other physiological strategies
48
Groundwater Biology Characteristics: Subterranean Evolution - Increase
In appendge length and life span
49
Groundwater Biology Characteristics: Subterranean Evolution - Decrease
In the number of eggs (but increase in size and development time) and respiratory metabolism
50
Does below ground reflect the above ground faunal diversity
No
51
What Taxa are the most Abundant, Widespread, and Taxonomically Diverse Groups in Groundwater
- Copepoda - Isopoda - Amphipoda
52
What is a Truncated Food Web:
The lack of basal trophic levels to opportunism and redundacy with convergent evolution and high rates of endemism
53
Groundwater Contamination - Types (5)
1. Agricultural 2. Commercial 3. Industrial 4. Municipal 5. Specialized
54
What Zones are the more vulnerable to contamination
Vadose Zones (unconfied aquifers)
55
What is LNAPL?
Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (less dense than water)
56
What is DNAPL?
Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (denser than water)

BIOL 3450 (13 decks)

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