Lecture 6 Flashcards
(73 cards)
Neoplasm meaning
Neo=new, plasm= growth. New AND abnormal growth of tissue
Neoplasm is interchangeable with the word ….
Cancer. But we use neoplasm instead of cancer as it has a very negative connotation. (Neoplasm is used to talk about cancer by health professionals so patients don’t hear them).
In the modern world, is cancer more treatable and managable?
Yes, as there are more treatments being created
Oncology meaning
The study and treatment of tumours. (The study of cancer S most tumours are cancerous)
Metastasise meaning
Secondary malignant growths (on tumour) at a distance from primary site. Metastasised tumour is a tumour that is spreading from primary tumour out to different tissues and systems of the body.
What is the most dangerous types of tumours?
Metastasised tumours as it is very difficult to track down these metastasis or metastic events throughout the body and throughout the bodily systems as there are a variety of mechanisms by which they can travel through the body.
Cancer meaning
A disease caused by an uncontrolled division/ growth of abdominal cells in a part of the body (neoplasm)
What are the GENERAL (popular but not seen in every type of these cells) features of a neoplastic cell(cell going through cancerous change)?
SOCAAA.
S: loss of specialised function; abnormality of growth leads to loss of their specialised function, if neoplasticism cells maintain their function then they’re technically not neoplasticism cells, may just be metaplasia (change in type of cell-can develop extra functions but never looses function) or even dysplasia (less likely). In order for cell to be classed as neoplastic, it will have to be abnormal and have lost its specialised function in that regard.
O: uses less oxygen; able to divide and grow with less oxygen input from the blood vessels, which helps them to develop into areas with less/weak blood supply- key features of malignant tumours, mostly in areas of less blood flow but can thrive there as they require less oxygen to create damage.
C: loss of contact inhibition; contact inhibition is when cells that are in contact with other cells of the same origin or type, they are inhibited in their growth. Cells clustered together all bunched together in a small space, these cells are telling each other through this physiological process that there’s no need to grow, or divide unnecessarily because this area of the body is full of those cells. When you take one off these cells out of the tissue and put it into just simply the extra cellular matrix and its not in contact with other cells, then that cell is being told by the extra cellular environment that there’s no other cells around, and you should probably start dividing because that tissue of the body might need to regenerate, or repair or just fill out the space that is essentially empty around that cell.When there’s no room cells don’t divide as often, when there’s more room, cells will divide more often to fill that space. Tissues hate having holes in them, they hate having empty spaces, they r often quickly filled w either normal healthy tissue or scar tissue. (Clusters of cells near each other inhibiting each other from growing and dividing because the space is full, neoplastic cells lose this contact inhibition- leading to excessive growth of cells/neoplastic cells)
A: better adapted to anaerobic conditions; goes through an anaerobic biochemical processes at a much faster rate, than healthy cells,
A:autonomous growth; growth in the absence of any external stimulus (abscesses of; growth hormones, sex hormones, increased blood supply to an area) required to stimulate neoplastic cells to grow, they do IIT automatically without any hormonal or humoural stimulation to force them to grow)
A: anaplasia; loss of growth. Ana= lack, plasma= growth. A condition where we have less differentiation of these cells, they lose their morphological characteristics, similar to dysplasia (lack of differentiation and normal features of cells that give them their specialised function).
Neoplastic cell feature - loss of specialised function explanation
Abnormality of growth leads to loss of their specialised function, if neoplastic cells maintain their function then they’re technically not neoplastic cells, may just be metaplasia (change in type of cell-can develop extra functions but never looses function) or even dysplasia (less likely). In order for cell to be classed as neoplastic, it will have to be abnormal and have lost its specialised function in that regard. - goes with anaplasia feature.
Neoplastic cell feature- uses less oxygen
Able to divide and grow with less oxygen input from the blood vessels, which helps them to develop into areas with less/weak blood supply- key features of malignant tumours, mostly in areas of less blood flow but can thrive there as they require less oxygen to create damage.
Neoplastic cell feature- loss of contact inhibition
Contact inhibition is when cells that are in contact with other cells of the same origin or type are inhibited in their growth. Cells clustered together all bunched together in a small space, these cells are telling each other through this physiological process that there’s no need to grow, or divide unnecessarily because this area of the body is full of those cells. When you take one off these cells out of the tissue and put it into just simply the extra cellular matrix and its not in contact with other cells, then that cell is being told by the extracellular environment that there’s no other cells around, and you should probably start dividing because that tissue of the body might need to regenerate, or repair or just fill out the space that is essentially empty around that cell.When there’s no room cells don’t divide as often, when there’s more room, cells will divide more often to fill that space. Tissues hate having holes in them, they hate having empty spaces, they r often quickly filled w either normal healthy tissue or scar tissue. (Clusters of cells near each other inhibiting each other from growing and dividing because the space is full, neoplastic cells lose this contact inhibition- leading to excessive growth of cells/neoplastic cells)
Neoplastic cell feature - better adapted to anaerobic conditions
A: better adapted to anaerobic conditions; goes through an anaerobic biochemical processes at a much faster rate, than healthy cells.
Neoplastic cell feature - autonomous growth
Growth in the absence of any external stimulus (abscesses of; growth hormones, sex hormones, increased blood supply to an area) required to stimulate neoplastic cells to grow, they do IIT automatically without any hormonal or humoural stimulation to force them to grow)
Neoplasticism cell feature - anaplasia
A: anaplasia; loss of growth. Ana= lack, plasma= growth. A condition where we have less differentiation of these cells, they lose their morphological characteristics, similar to dysplasia (lack of differentiation and normal features of cells that give them their specialised function
How can cancers and tumours be classified?
In a number of ways. Classified/named according to their tissue origin, also by how they behave, behavioural classification is very simple, its binary. Behavioural classification is either benign or malignant.
Benign tumour meaning
“Good” type of cancer or less severe type of tumour that we’ll see clinically.
Malignant tumour meaning
More aggressive, more dangerous and clinically relevant form of tumour that leads to all of the downstream sequelae, that is familiar w cancers.
Features of benign tumours
VMEDS
V: often poor vascularity- double edged sword. Poor vascularity means that tumour is typically slower growing than it would be if it had a higher level of vascularity, but poor vascularity can sometimes lead to the centre of the lesion/tumour becoming necrotic, because if it is so far away from blood supply n cut off from blood supply by the encapsulation, its very hard for the nutrients and oxygen to diffuse into the centre of that tumour and then it can become necrotic and cause its own issue(inflammatory changes and negative side effects as well).
M: no metastases- they do not spread, doesn’t break off and spread to different parts of the body or different areas of the same tissue. They are a centralised tumour, a lump/clump/growth that is all centralised in one place and is not spreading.
E: usually encapsulated; they have a capsule around them(made of a thin sheet of connective tissue-areolar, or dense irregular connective tissue), if not encapsulated there is a very clear distinction between where the tumour starts and ends, so where the tumour is and where the normal healthy tissue is surrounding that tumour. Clear distinction between benign tumour cells and healthy cells around them.
D: usually greater differentiation than malignant - has more differentiation, still resembles normal healthy cells (parenchymal cells) that surround them.
S: usually slow growing- can vary depending on situation our enviornment in which they exist.
Features of benign tumour: poor vascularity
V: often poor vascularity- double edged sword. Poor vascularity means that tumour is typically slower growing than it would be if it had a higher level of vascularity, but poor vascularity can sometimes lead to the centre of the lesion/tumour becoming necrotic, because if it is so far away from blood supply n cut off from blood supply by the encapsulation, its very hard for the nutrients and oxygen to diffuse into the centre of that tumour and then it can become necrotic and cause its own issue(inflammatory changes and negative side effects as well).
Features of benign tumour - no metastes
M: no metastases- they do not spread, doesn’t break off and spread to different parts of the body or different areas of the same tissue. They are a centralised tumour, a lump/clump/growth that is all centralised in one place and is not spreading.
Features of benign tumours- usually encapsulated
E: usually encapsulated; they have a capsule around them(made of a thin sheet of connective tissue-areolar, or dense irregular connective tissue), if not encapsulated there is a very clear distinction between where the tumour starts and ends, so where the tumour is and where the normal healthy tissue is surrounding that tumour. Clear distinction between benign tumour cells and healthy cells around them.
Features of benign tumours - usually greater differentiation than malignant
D: usually greater differentiation than malignant - has more differentiation, still resembles normal healthy cells (parenchymal cells) that surround them.
Features of benign tumours - usually slow growing
can vary depending on situation our enviornment in which they exist.
Features of malignant tumours
Mud Roi
M; metastasise
U;less uniformity;l not as easy to seperate visually from the tissue around them because of the infiltration and movement and the spreading they aren’t as uniform and even the internal contents aren’t as uniform. Many different things happening in these malignant cells at the same time which leads to less uniformity.
D; less differentiation- further away from the apparent chymal or Normal cells that surround them, look messy and looses physical characteristics that provided their particular function long ago.
R: can spread rapidly; if they form metastic sub local cells
O; often vascular- most of them can produce the proteins that essentially trigger angiogenesis and formation of new blood vessels, into that area into the body, can sometimes redirect blood flow from normal parenchymal healthy tissue around them and into the tumour itself to feed that tumour and increase the growth rate and the expansion of that tumour as well.
I: infiltrate; infiltrates other tissues, organs, organ systems or the space around that primary tumour outwards like a vine.
Features that lead to most clinical classification is: infiltrate and metastasise.
