lecture 6 Flashcards

Question

Penicillins: Applications

Answer 1

Penicillins are produced by the growth of various Penicillium species, or by other means Penicillin G is original penicillin; drug of choice for (gonorrhea), (syphilis), septicemia, anthrax, (meningitis), (pneumonia), (other respiratory infections), cellulitis, gangrene, tetanus, tonsillitis, strep throat, and preventing rheumatic fever The aminopenicillins are widely used for therapy of mild-to-severe urinary, respiratory, gastrointestinal tract, skin, bone and joint infections. Extended-spectrum penicillins are used to treat sepsis, skin infections, lower respiratory infection, UTIs, intra-abdominal infections, and infection caused by burns. Lots of resistance in penicillins due to frequent use

Answer 2

β-Lactam antibiotics work by (inhibiting the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall) (An important building blocks of bacterial cell wall). The β-lactam moiety (functional group) of penicillin binds to the enzyme (DD transpeptidase) that links the peptidoglycan molecules in bacteria, which weakens the cell wall of the bacterium. *Penicillin binds with the enzyme making it ineffective (enzyme can’t join groups together, weakening bacterial wall so it can be disrupted easier to kill bacteria)

Answer 3

Very safe with low toxicity; hypersensitivity in some patients COMMON: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, black hairy tongue, thrush, vaginal yeast infection, rash, hives, changes in taste or smell. SERIOUS: neurotoxicity in very high doses

Answer 4

Penicillins may interfere with the effectiveness of birth control pills.

Answer 5

Allergic reaction to penicillin is an immediate life-threatening systemic reaction that typically occurs after exposure to penicillin injection. Observe patients closely for this reaction after injection. *rash

Answer 6

- penicillin G potassium - cloxacillin - amoxicillin - ticarcillin - mezlocillin

Answer 7

Closely related to penicillins Bactericidal (both gram +ve and some –ve bacteria). Broad spectrum Classified into 5 generations: - First-generation cephalosporins have highest activity against (gram-positive) bacteria and lowest activity against (gram-negative) bacteria Higher generations have expanded spectra for gram –ve and gram +ve bacteria 5th generation – Ceftaroline, Ceftolozane– works against MRSA

Answer 8

Often used to (reduce postoperative wound infections, skin, soft tissue, strep throat, sinus infections, ear infections, meningitis, gonorrhea, sepsis and UTIs.) Not usually first choice to combat infections because they are comparatively expensive. They are more resistant to penicillinase and most effective against several penicillin-resistant strains.

Answer 9

Work similarly to penicillins. Affect bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Answer 10

Hypersensitivity in about 5 to 10% of patients (because they’re similar to penicillins) COMMON: pain, nausea, vomiting, glossitis, diarrhea, abdominal pain, yeast infection, thrush, dizziness, rash SERIOUS: anaphylaxis, neutropenia, nephritis

Answer 11

- cefaclor - cefadroxil - cefepime - cefixime

Answer 12

Bacteriocidal Broad-spectrum antibiotics that affect gram-negative bacteria and a few gram +ve bacteria

Answer 13

These antibiotics are poorly absorbed when taken by mouth, so they are (usually given intravenously or intramuscular) Large doses given orally before abdominal surgery to reduce number of intestinal bacteria. Sepsis, UTIs, skin infections, pneumonia, MRSA, (aminoglycosides are used to treat these) Otic and ophthalmic drops treat localized infection.

Answer 14

(Bind to 30S subunit and inhibit proofreading, resulting in faulty proteins. (RIBOSOMES)) Interference prevents bacterial cell reproduction !! Inhibit ribosomes (they interfere with ribosomes which help in protein synthesis!!) *Antibiotics get distributed throughout the body, they don’t just go to the site of infection?

Answer 15

Serious: (ototoxicity), nephrotoxicity and neuromuscular blockade Prolonged use: (superinfection) (occurs when chemical environment of body is altered by antibiotics; a new infection may be “superimposed” on an original infection) Careful dosing required in children and elderly patients.

Answer 16

Don’t give to pregnant women, don’t give to people who are allergic, be careful with people liver and kidney disease, it may react with other meds!!!

Answer 17

- gentamicin - streptomycin - vancomycin

Answer 18

Bacteriostatic at normal doses; bactericidal at high doses. Equally effective for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Answer 19

Uses Alternative drugs in patients allergic to penicillin. COPD, tonsillitis, pneumonia, duodenal ulcers, rheumatic fever, Legionnaires’ disease, STIs, some skin infections, ear infections, traveller’s diarrhea Erythromycin is most commonly used (off-label) as a prokinetic to treat gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying)

Answer 20

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 50s subunit of the bacterial ribosome. (RIBOSOMES)

Answer 21

COMMON: abdominal pain, (nausea), vomiting, (diarrhea), (tinnitus) (GI stuff) SERIOUS : hepatotoxicity (rare); (ototoxicity) at high doses; phlebitis (with IV administration), Long QT syndrome

Answer 22

- azithromycin - clarithromycin - erythromycin base

Answer 23

Bactericidal Broad spectrum, primarily active against gram-negative and some gram-positive organisms. The second-generation fluoroquinolone, demonstrates somewhat improved gram-positive activity.

Answer 24

quinolones fluoroquinolones fluoroquinolones fluoroquinolones?? (see image!!)

Answer 25

Since 1990, dominant class of antimicrobial agents. Prophylaxis, UTIs, prostatitis, STIs, pneumonia, infections of bones and joints, anthrax, GI and abdominal infections and eye infections. (learn the common ones here)

Answer 26

(Interfere with DNA gyrase, an enzyme required by bacteria for synthesis of DNA.) Action inhibits cell reproduction. *Bacteria can’t untwist and replicate

Answer 27

Adverse Effects COMMON: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal discomfort, skin rashes, photosensitivity, dizziness, confusion. SEVERE: nephrotoxicity, neuropsychiatric effects, cardiac abnormalities (long QT), liver dysfunction, damaged cartilage or tendons (in children)

Answer 28

- ciprofloxacin - levofloxacin - gatifloxacin

Answer 29

Mainly bacteriostatic Broad-spectrum antibiotics; effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Answer 30

Pulmonary infections, acne, cholera, brucellosis, tularemia, amebiasis, certain infections of skin, eye, lymphatic and intestinal system, infections that are spread by ticks, lice, mites, and infected animals. Alternative to penicillins for STIs, Lyme disease, anthrax, *see bed image**

Answer 31

(Bind to bacterial ribosomes and prevent protein synthesis) Interferes with attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex

Answer 32

COMMON: heartburn, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; superinfection (particularly CANDIDIASIS); graying in children’s developing teeth, photosensitivity SERIOUS: impaired bone growth in children, hepatoxicity with IV *milk is important??*

Answer 33

- chlortetracycline - tetracycline

Answer 34

specific ones aren't in flashcards (see in notes)

Answer 35

These kill bacteria but don’t fit into the groups above (don’t need to know as many of the details, know they are antibacterial substances??- antibacterial substances for miscellaneous!! chloramphenicol clindamycin spectinomycin vancomycin

Answer 36

Bacteriostatic; (inhibits microbial protein synthesis) by binding to the 50 S subunit of the 70 S ribosome and inhibiting the action of peptidyl transferase, thus preventing peptide bond formation. Used in the management and treatment of superficial eye infections such as bacterial conjunctivitis, and otitis externa. It has also been used for the treatment of typhoid and cholera. (Serious toxicity): bone-marrow injury, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia, aplastic anemia, gray-baby syndrome, cancer Use cautiously in patients with liver or kidney disease, elderly patients, and during pregnancy or lactation. (Rarely used now) !!Antibacterial substance

Answer 37

Bacteriostatic; inhibits protein synthesis Strong antibiotic used for septicemia, intra-abdominal infections, lower respiratory infections, gynecological infections, bone and joint infections, and skin and skin structure infections. Marked toxicity, may cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, reduced urination. Do not use in newborn infants, pregnant or lactating women, or patients with impaired kidney or liver function, history of gastrointestinal disease, or asthma. !!Antibacterial substance

Answer 38

Bacteriostatic; suppresses protein synthesis in Gram –ve bacteria. Penicillin-resistant, uncomplicated gonorrhea Safety during pregnancy, lactation, and children not established.

Answer 39

Bactericidal; suppresses cell-wall synthesis Methicillin-resistant staphylococci; serious infections such as osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and staphylococcal pneumonia Serious adverse effects: (ototoxicity), nephrotoxicity, and red-man syndrome Do not use in patients with previous hearing loss. !!Large structure, hard to put in a particular class

Answer 40

CHLORAMPHENICOL CLINDAMYCIN SPECTINOMYCIN VANCOMYCIN **Broad-spectrum antibiotics are drugs that work against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. - Broad spectrum is more likely to develop resistance because they’re used more and they kill more things??

Answer 41

3 and 3 3 ways bacteria can acquire resistance (transduction, conjugation, transformation) 3 way after it has acquired it that it can dispose of it so it doesn’t kill it Degrade it, alter it, pump it (SEE IMAGE) Acquisition of Antibiotic Resistance (left side of the image) Mechanisms to Neutralize Antibiotics (right side of the image) *Know the terms and what each one is!!!

Answer 42

Bacteria can gain resistance through three main mechanisms: TRANSFORMATION (purple): When a bacterium dies, it releases its genetic material (DNA) into the environment. Another bacterium can take up this free DNA, incorporating resistance genes into its own genome or plasmids. CONJUGATION (blue): A donor bacterium transfers a plasmid containing resistance genes directly to another bacterium via a pilus (a bridge-like structure). This is the most common way bacteria spread resistance. TRANSDUCTION (red): A virus (bacteriophage) can accidentally transfer resistance genes from one bacterium to another during infection.

Answer 43

Once bacteria acquire resistance, they can neutralize antibiotics using three main strategies: DEGRADATION (red enzymes): The bacteria produce enzymes that break down the antibiotic molecules before they can act. ALTERATION (green enzymes): Some enzymes chemically modify the antibiotic, making it ineffective. EFFLUX PUMPS: Bacteria use specialized pumps to expel antibiotics before they reach lethal concentrations inside the cell.

lecture 6 Flashcards

(67 cards)