Lecture 6

Question 1

What is the classical era in philosophy?

Answer 1

500 – 300 BC

Question 2

What does the term ‘philosophy’ derive from?

Answer 2

Philos + sophia, meaning love of wisdom.

Question 3

What is epistemology?

Answer 3

The study of knowledge and belief.

Question 4

What does ethics study?

Answer 4

Moral principles, right and wrong, and the best way of life.

Question 5

What is ontology?

Answer 5

The study of what exists and the nature of being.

Question 6

What does aesthetics focus on?

Answer 6

Beauty, art, and good taste.

Question 7

What is a principle?

Answer 7

A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior.

Question 8

What is atomism?

Answer 8

The belief in uncaused atoms and void, moved by random chance.

Question 9

What is dualism in philosophy?

Answer 9

The idea that spirit and body are united by intellectual life – the soul.

Question 10

Who proposed the concept of Eudaimonia?

Answer 10

Aristotle

Question 11

What does ‘tone’ refer to in chiropractic principles?

Answer 11

The normal degree of nerve tension.

Question 12

What is the definition of innate intelligence in chiropractic?

Answer 12

The individualized intelligence that runs all the functions of our bodies.

Question 13

What is deduction?

Answer 13

Moving from an idea or concept to observation to conclusion.

Question 14

What is induction?

Answer 14

Moving from observation to idea or theory that could explain the observation.

Question 15

What is abductive reasoning?

Answer 15

Observation leading to the simplest, most likely conclusion.

Question 16

What is retroductive reasoning?

Answer 16

Accounting for observed facts based on previous similarities and experience.

Question 17

What is the Palmerian system’s conceptual framework?

Answer 17

A framework involving philosophy, knowledge, body mechanism, science, and art.

Question 18

What does the term ‘vitalism’ refer to?

Answer 18

The belief in a life force distinct from physical elements.

Question 19

What does the term ‘subluxation’ refer to in chiropractic?

Answer 19

A misalignment affecting nerve function.

Question 20

What does the dual legacy in Greek philosophy refer to?

Answer 20

The tension between myth and reason, metaphysical and physical.

Question 21

Ontology

Answer 21

The branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being
- What is?
- What exists?

Question 22

Epistemology

Answer 22

Study of knowledge
- What can be known?
- How can we know?

Question 23

Ethics

Answer 23

Study of moral principles

Question 24

Politics

Answer 24

• How can we best live together?

Question 25

Aesthetics

Answer 25

To percieve - What is beauty, art, good taste?

Question 26

Atomism

Answer 26

Everything is made of tiny, separate parts. The body is seen as just physical components.

Question 27

Dualism

Answer 27

Reality has two parts—mind & body. Chiropractic links Universal (spiritual) & Innate (bodily) Intelligence.

Question 28

What are the branches of classical philosophy?

Answer 28

Ontology (What exists? The nature of reality) Epistemology (What can be known? How do we know it?) Ethics (What is right and wrong?) Politics (How can we best live together?) Aesthetics (What is beauty and art?)

Question 29

How did classical philosophy shape Chiropractic philosophy in it’s inception and in the modern day?

Answer 29

- Inspired by Greek thought (harmony, dualism). - D.D. Palmer linked chiropractic to Greek principles. - Universal & Innate Intelligence reflect classical ideas. - Continues shaping modern chiropractic philosophy.

Question 30

How does philosophy shape critical reasoning?

Answer 30

- Provides logical frameworks (rationalism, empiricism). - Establishes truth criteria for sound conclusions. - Guides chiropractic principles & clinical reasoning.

Question 31

What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?

Answer 31

- Deductive: General → Specific (Top-down). - Inductive: Specific → General (Bottom-up).

Question 32

What is the difference between abductive and retroductive reasoning

Answer 32

Abductive: Best guess based on evidence. Retroductive: Explains using past patterns.

Question 33

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 33

- Moves from general principles to specific conclusions (top-down). Example: "All humans have a spine. John is human. Therefore, John has a spine."

Question 34

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 34

- Moves from specific observations to broader generalizations (bottom-up). Example: "This patient improved with spinal adjustments. Many others did too. Therefore, spinal adjustments help with healing."