Lecture 6 Flashcards
(18 cards)
1
Q
What processes could explain associations between maltreatment and mental illness?
A
- Processes within families explain variation in children’s development
- Processes within children explain variation in children’s responses to family effects
2
Q
What is the integrative theoretical perspective?
A
- Multiple influences and single outcomes, single influences and multiple outcomes
- Moving from simple description to explanation
- Mediators of familial influences on children: why some children experience neg/pos effects = why they differ from each other in response to the same event
3
Q
What are the fathers of the field?
A
- Integrative theoretical perspective: behaviour, cognition, context
- Development: biological, psychological, social
- Dynamic
4
Q
How do we organise multiple influences to understand variation in development?
A
- Any theory should only be as complex as the underlying phenomena it is designed to describe
- But child development is complex: individual, family and community factors
5
Q
What was a study looking mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology using a transdiagnostic approach?
A
- Mechanisms include: social information processing via enhanced threat detection and hostile attribution bias
- Emotion processing: heightened emotion reactivity and poor emotion regulation
- Accelerated biological aging: pubertal timing and cellular aging (affiliate with older people)
- Transdiagnostic protective factor is social support: less prone to these three mechanisms, and affect the affect of the manifestations of the internalising/externalising effects
6
Q
What is social learning theory as an example?
A
- Social learning is associated with 2 domains of inquiry: marital relations and parent-chold relationships
- Draws on two philosophical positions
- Empiricism: knowledge originated in experience = minimises cognition and focus on antecedent and consequent events
- Rationalism: understanding of events explains effects on us = individuals evaluation is necessary to explain cause and effect
7
Q
What is cognitive behaviourism?
A
- Individual’s interpretation of events and not the event itself is the causal factor in determining outcomes
- Two relevant concepts are
- Awareness: individual mediates between cause and effect associations through interpretive process
- Abstract modelling: children generate rules from the behaviour of others
8
Q
What is a process-oriented perspective?
A
- Highlighting social cognitive processing underlying family stress
- Children and adults actively contribute to their own development
- Our subjective reality is based on perceptions of relations between of our actions and events, previous beliefs about the world AND the meaning these events hold for our well-being
- Consequence of being an active organism is that we seek and select environments that suit our dispositions and personality
9
Q
What is the triangulated reciprocal determinism?
A
Psychological functioning is determined by the env, by behaviour of individual and by factors associated with the person
10
Q
What are the practical applications from theory?
A
- Mediation: explaining why psychological constructs are related (three mechanisms)
- Moderation: explaining when psychological constructs are related (social support) = why risk factors lead to maladjustment in children = assume multiple mechanisms of effect that operate in complex chains
- Pathways and processes: correlation, regression and path analysis
11
Q
What is a multiple mediation example?
A
- Prospective, longitudinal design
- Mother interviews, self-report, experimental data = mixed methods approach = good
- Lab data using computer games - passive avoidance using go/no-go task
- Looking at avoiding negative outcomes through decision making and deficits are associated with poor inhibitory control
- Cumulative childhood adversity has a direct relationship with antisociality BUT passive avoidance is a moderate mediator
12
Q
How is economic stress associated with adolescent adjustment?
A
- Economic crisis in Iowa that sent families into debt
- Per capita income, unstable work, debt-asset ratio and income loss leads to family economic pressure
13
Q
What are the effects on parents with economic pressure?
A
- Parental depressed mood and marital conflict = cascading effect
- Leads to parental hostility, leading to child adjustment and aggression BUT child was not asked about their perceptions of parental conflict etc.
14
Q
What was a mediating study looking at COVID?
A
- Financial stress = parental mental health = child adjustment problems
- Families will always go through things which will affect children
- Some constructs might not meet mediation standards but can be ‘indirect effects’
15
Q
What is moderation?
A
- Relationship between risk and child psychopathology is not uniform across different people or under different conditions
- Thus moderator influences strength/direction of a relationship between predictor and outcome
- Looking at interaction terms
16
Q
What is an example of moderation?
A
- Whether or not you lived with dad growing up = does family structure matter?
- Conducted study looking at father time and antisocial behaviour
- Large sample, 5yo, twin early development study
- Parent ASB and father presence reported by mother and child ASB reported by teachers and mothers
- Fathers ASB was moderator: father with high ASB, children have highest level of ASB when he resides in the home
- Father presence is only beneficial when he engages in low levels of ASB
- Quality not quantity
17
Q
What is reciprocity?
A
- Feedback loops within families
- Child eliciting or evoking behaviours in family members
- Consistent with principles of family systems theory
18
Q
What are cross-lagged effects?
A
- Study looking at children internalising/externalising and their parenting
- Pos parenting is stable across time = externalising is quite stable
- Interplay is the effects of externalising is nothing in pos parenting, but pos parenting reduces externalising
- Externalising causes lower levels of pos parenting at a later time = reciprocity
- Pos parenting causes less internalising, and internalising in second wave causes MORE pos parenting
