Lecture 6

Question 1

Physiological adaptations to training are largely dependent on…

Answer 1

The “training impulse” (i.e. training volume or overload)

Question 2

External training load =

Answer 2

Physical output: distance covered, intensity, reps (mechanical work)

Question 3

Internal training load =

Answer 3

Physiological effect that occurs: HR, biochemical/hormonal response, muscle damage markers

Question 4

Endurance training

Answer 4

Repeated sessions of continuous, dynamic exercise performed against a moderate workload (60-80% vo2max) for an extended period of time (10min-hours)

Question 5

Strength training:

Answer 5

Repeated sessions of very brief, intermittent ex performed against a heavy resistance that is usually characterised as a relatively high % of the workload that can be lifted in a single, maximal effort (1RM). A single effort lasts up to several seconds and is repeated several times with minimal rest within a set, and several sets performed with a few minutes rest between sets.

Question 6

Sprint training:

Answer 6

Repeated sessions of relatively brief, intermittent dynamic ex often performed with all out effort or at intensity which elicits maximal or supramaximal aerobic power (>90%vo2max). last from few seconds to several mins, repeated several time w/ few mins rest/low intensity ex in b/w efforts.

Question 7

Can you run faster than your vo2max?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

Scientific context

Answer 8

Simple interventions employed in lab studies
Removed from complex, periodised strategies norm for competitive athletes
Likelihood of establishing cause and effect (simple design)

Question 9

Coaching context

Answer 9

Complex training interventions formulated to elicit greatest improvement in performance.
This is regardless of the precise mechanism(s) involved, which can include variables that are not readily explained by physiological changes (mood, motivation).

Question 10

*The capacity to do work ultimately depends on…

Answer 10

The rate and efficiency at which chemical energy can be converted into mechanical energy for skeletal muscle contraction

Question 11

What factors contribute to successful performance?

Answer 11

Ability to do work or generate power = major determinant of performance in many sports
Effective program design and monitoring requires ability to measure power and use data in performance analysis

Question 12

Bioenergentics =

Answer 12

Flow of energy within a living system
-extract energy from macronutrients and transfer energy at the rate required to the contractile elements of skeletal muscle

Question 13

Irrespective of the rate or type of biological work performed…

Answer 13

All forms of biological work require power generated from transfer of chemical energy

Question 14

The choice of energy system used is influenced by:

Answer 14

1 supply velocity/demand
2 availability
3 oxygen supply

Question 15

ATP and PCr during sprinting

Answer 15

Reduction/decreased regeneration of PCr, not ATP, is limiting factor

Question 16

ATP-PCr summary:

Answer 16

Oxygen – no
PCr to Cr
ATP formed/s – 10
APT formed/molecule of substrate 1
Available capacity - <15s

Question 17

Glycolysis summary:

Answer 17

Oxygen – no
Glucose of glycogen to lactate
ATP formed/s – 5
APT formed/molecule of substrate 2-3
Available capacity - ~1min

Question 18

Oxidative CHO summary

Answer 18

Oxygen – yes
Glucose of glycogen to CO2 and H20
ATP formed/s – 2.5
APT formed/molecule of substrate 36-39
Available capacity - ~90min

Question 19

Oxidative lipid summary:

Answer 19

Oxygen – yes
FFA to CO2 and H2O
ATP formed/s – 1.5
APT formed/molecule of substrate >100
Available capacity – days

Question 20

Training can improve ex capacity through:

Answer 20

• altering rates of energy provision from both non-oxidative and oxidative sources
• maintaining tighter metabolic control through a closer matching b/w rates of ATP hydrolysis and synthesis
• improving fatigue resistance
• increasing economy of motion

Question 21

Increase in oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle via:

Answer 21

1 morpholigical changes i.e. increased mitochrondrial volume density
2 biochemical changes: i.e. increase in total protein content
3 biochemical changes: i.e. increase in maximal activity of various mitochondrial enzymes

Question 22

Mitochrondrial volume density:

Answer 22

Increases relatively quickly by endur training in the 3 muscle fibre types in mixed muscle, provided the intensity is sufficient to recruit all motor units

Question 23

Mitochrondria:

Answer 23

Located around periphery of myofibers ten to be greater in extent after training as compared to those located closer to the centre of the fiber.

Question 24

Improved respiratory control sensitivity =

Answer 24

Increased mitochrondrial content reduces the rate of o2 and substrate flux per indv mitochondrion – thus a lower [free ATP] is needed to activate cellular respiration to achieve a given rate of ATP formation

Question 25

Increased mitochrondrial content:

Answer 25

Reduced rate of CHO utilization & increase capacity for LIPox at given submaximal intensity

Question 26

Classical exercise physiology findings:

Answer 26

Capillarisation
Muscle enzyme activities
Fibre phenotypes and size

Question 27

Endurance training adaptation =

Answer 27

Fatigue resistant

Question 28

Resistance training adaptation =

Answer 28

Increased muscle strength and size

Question 29

Aerobic system changes with training – ventilation-aeroation

Answer 29

Minute ventilation
Ventilation:perfusion ration
O2 diffusion capacity
Hb-o2 affinity
Arterial o2 saturation

Question 30

Aerobic system changes w/ training – active muscle metabolism

Answer 30

Enzymes and oxidative potential
Energy stores and substrate availability
Myoglobin concentration
Mitochondria size & #
Active muscle mass
Muscle fiber type

Question 31

Aerobic system changes w/ training – central blood flow

Answer 31

Q (HR, SV)
Arterial BP
O2 transport capacity [Hb]

Question 32

Aerobic system changes w/ training – peripheral blood flow

Answer 32

Flow to nonactive regions
Arterial vascular reactivity
Muscle blood flow
Muscle capillary density
O2 diffusion
Muscle vascular conductance
O2 extraction
Hb-o2 affinity
Venous compliance and reactivity

Question 33

Heart dimensions and training

Answer 33

Aerobic = bigger ventricular chamber – proportional increase in wall thickness
RT = unchanged chamber volume – thicker ventricular wall

Question 34

HR response in relation to vo2

Answer 34

Increases parasympathetic activity & small decrease in sympathetic discharge

Question 35

SV increased during rest and ex w/ training because of

Answer 35

1 increase in internal left ventricular vol (due to plasma vol expansion & mass)
2 reduced cardiac stiffness
3 increased diastolid filling time (due to Bradycardia)
4 improved cardiac contractile function

Question 36

Anaerobic adaptations to training:

Answer 36

Increase quantity and activity of key enzymes that control the anaerobic phase of glucose metabolism
Increase capacity to generate high levels of blood lactate during all-out ex
1 increased levels of glycogen & glycolytic enzymes
2 improved motivation and “pain” tolerance to fatiguing ex