Lecture 6 Flashcards
Principle foundation of utilitarianism principle
WE are animals susceptible of pleasure and pain
Moral values
Benefit others and doesnot make us behave in a bad way.
Virtues
Capacity we got to deflect from desires
Principle of happiness
Something is good if it brings happiness to the greatest number
Principle of happiness have two meanings
Quantitative happiness (Kill him and save 20 , ok let us kill him )Wrong
More solid conception of concept of happiness by mill ( means are end , i work because i really enjoy my work/ A society that can secure the freedom of action for everyone is a happy society) this will produce a society of geniuses
Authenticity : when you do what you want u will be authentic this will also be present in mills society (In yourself you will be honest and authentic because u do what u want)
The system of justice that is in conformity with this principle
Preventive justice:
Punishment: we need to know why he is condemned so to prevent the crime agian, we need to look at the reason so i can eductate the society about this crime and its punishment so they want do it again.
Also punishment must be humane, useful, and propotional. Because we dont want suffer and pain for the condemned and people because we if the convicted suffer it will bring pain.
How we can determine an action as crime
We transform it to law and we see harm and alarm . If we see the law produced harm and alarm implies action is a crime
The law must be universal
It need to apply on everyone, else people will not feel it as a law . Universality is the form of the law (everyone must obey) but that is not the way to produce a law neither that is not why to produce law.
Generalization is very recurrent mistake in practical reasoning (What if everyone is doing that)
True
why do we generate a law
prevent a crime
Induce a behavior
Distribute goods
The apple example (If we generalize , we will have no more apples in the field). Also we cant forbid because people have a desire to pluck apples
Forbidding plucking apples will be not be realistic law
Allow a handful of appples
The law rationalized desires ( created a ratio between desires) so it pacified the atmosdphere and solved the problem
If everyine starts to change himsled the universe will change
False reasoning because it is fallacy (it cant be achieved because if it can be achieved we will not have the problem itself, it contradicts itself)
Problem of generaliztion it wont give u practical soltion to the problem
Instead of thinking by generalization we put a law and then we have to implement the law by surveillance and see its effects
The origin of right
life
Principle of happiness can give you the regime of justice but it cant contradict the origin of justice (in name of happiness u cant kill)
For the market that follows utilitarian system, it is a free market. The origin of the free market (foundation) is
private property
Origin of private property (2 theories)
John locke (The theory of craftsman ship... you own what you work on) David hume ( The theory of habit, you own what you are used to) (If you fall on island and you get used to sleep on the left tree, the left tree will be yours)
John locke theory
God create us as alive and because we are alive and free we work and because we work we have products of work. Thus, these products of work is an extension of life (which mean the origin of right is life, we have the right of private property of the work)
This right is because your preporty is extension of your life (work is what your life has produced or what your life depend on like your land) implies you have the right of property because it falls within origin of life
John locke
you own what your life produces and what your life depend on
John locke (More riligous view)
You dont own your life because its product of GOD.
Some people say you own your life (secular part of utilitarianism) Parents dont own u because you have freedom
Because your body is a product of life and you own your body (So u can sell your kidney …..Debate)
The economical regime for utilitarianism
1) Freedom/freedom of enterprise (you can produce any market, you want to produce tomatoes), you cant centralize he market
2) If everyone pursue his own happiness, this will result in competition and thus higher quality and benefit for general good. (Private interest benefit the whole people) Invisible hand
What is against free market
Monopoly
Corpoartism (huge corporations)
This will lead these companies to be the only one available thus making other companies unable to exist (limiting freedom) , and also it will make people work for them (limit their choice), and they will be able to control the price (also limiting freedom)
If we limit monoply we are not limiting the geniuse of the person because if we let him he will be infringing others freedom. Because of we allow monopoly he will destroy the free market (as if you cant make a law that will destroy preventive justice)
We need to secure the free market.
Principle of fluctuation
You need to let the prices to fluctuate because it will lead to the best products at best prices
Principle of incentive in a free market
You have to be paid in accordance to your capacities (We cant pay mohammad ali as any boxer in the neighborhood)
If we start paying people the same way , people will lose incentive.
We must have equality of oppurtinity but not equality of income.
Everyone must be able to participitate(white, black…._ but not everyone can get same salary (Depends on how good u are)
Principle of competition
people can excel and prices are better for general
