LECTURE 6

Question 1

Mitochondrial disease

Answer 1

Can be Fatal

Question 2

prokaryote bacteria have what structures (organelles)

Answer 2

1- Cell wall
2- Plasma membrane
3-Ribosomes
4- FREE DNA

Question 3

Animal cell vs plant cell

Answer 3

Both have : 
1- mitocondria 
2- plasma membrane 
3- ribosomes 
4- Golgi apparatus
5- Endoplasmic Reticulum 
6- Nuclear envelope and nucleus 

Plants have
1- chloroplasts(with thylakoid membrane)

Question 4

What is contained within mitochondria and chloroplast

Answer 4

Both: 
1- Outer membrane 
2- Inner membrane 
3- DNA 
4- Ribosomes 

mitocondria:
1- Matrix

Chloroplast:
1- stroma
2- grana
3- Thylakoid membrane (additional third membrane)

Question 5

Mutations within mitocodnrial genome?

Answer 5

fatal, mitocondrial disease

Question 6

Why have a lot of the mitochondria and chloroplast genome been incorporated into the nuclear genome?

Answer 6

to allow the nucleus to have control over the genes and expression of them

Question 7

Endosymbiosis

Answer 7

cynobacterium (chloroplast) and proteobacterium (mitochondria) entered cells (billions of years ago) via endocytosis. A mutalilistic relationship was developed and both bacterium evolved to become chloroplast and mitocondria.

Question 8

size of chloroplast genome?

Answer 8

80 000, to 600 000 base pairs long.

Question 9

shape of chloroplast genome

Answer 9

circular double stranded, highly coiled but no histone proteins

Question 10

chloroplasts contain? NOT STRUCTURE

Answer 10

rRNA’s, tRNA’s, ribosomal proteins and genes involved in photosynthesis

Question 11

Most abundant protein on earth

Answer 11

RubisCo

Question 12

Gene arrangement in chromosomes? (pros)

Answer 12

operons, gene order of many gene are shared with E.coli

Question 13

Volume of coding vs non coding DNA in chloroplasts?

Answer 13

lots of non coding

Question 14

Name 3 related characteristics between eubacteria and chloroplasts?

Answer 14

1. antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis in eubacteria so also in chloroplasts
2. Same proteins are involved in transcription and translation
3. Genes transcribed in groups (operons)

Question 15

mitocondrial and chloroplast Phylogenetics use?

Answer 15

can track common ancestors and how close related two species are by looking at mitocondrial and chloroplast DN

Question 16

which evolves more slowly
A) chloroplast DNA
B) Nuclear DNA
C) mitochondrial

Answer 16

a

Question 17

Mitochondria containing copies of the genome?

Answer 17

several copies

Question 18

size of mitochondrial genome, unique as?

Answer 18

6kbp’s to millions of base pairs. VERY LARGE RANGE

Question 19

Histone proteins in the mitochondrial genome?

Answer 19

similar

Question 20

how many proteins found in the mitochondria ?How many coded for by the nucleus?

Answer 20

40/900

Question 21

Number of genes coded for within the mitochondrial genome? What they code for?

Answer 21

40-50 genes. Proteins important for respiration, oxidative phosphoralation, transcription, translation, RNA processing, import of proteins into the cell

Question 22

mitocondrial ribosomes?

Answer 22

Different to that of bacteria and eukaryotes

Question 23

Mitochondria variation of DNA between TAXA plant and animal cells?

Answer 23

• Animals and fungi: single, coiled circular DNA molecule
• Plants: multiple, circular DNA molecules
• Some species contain mitocondria with a single linear DNA molecule

Question 24

Mitochondrial gene expression variance between TAXA ?

Answer 24

• full strand transcription
• operons
• single gene transcription

Question 25

Do fungi and plant mitochondrial DNA contain introns

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

size of mitochondrial genome

Answer 26

16 000

Question 27

how much of the mitochondria genome is coding ?

Answer 27

90%

Question 28

How many promotes per strand?- Mitochondrial genome

Answer 28

1

Question 29

Yeast mitochondrial genome size?

Answer 29

6X larger

Question 30

2 characteristics of yeast mitochondrial genome?

Answer 30

UTR, intergene spacers, alot of introns

Question 31

Plant genome tandem repeats ?

Answer 31

Large quantity

Question 32

Respiration dangerous by product ? How does this increase?

Answer 32

free radicals, damage lipids and proteins, which contributes to ageing. As age increases mitochondrial function efficiency also decreases, which increases the production of free radicals

Question 33

Most affected tissues by mitochondrial disease ?

Answer 33

oxygen hungry tissues- muscle and liver, pancreas, nervous system (brain)

Question 34

Mitocondrial segregation leads to?

Answer 34

homoplasmy hetroplasmy of mutated and wild type mitochondria as mitosis occurs.

Question 35

Way in which mitchondrial disease can be treated before a baby is born?

Answer 35

Enucleate an egg in which has the risk of mitochondrial disease, insert into healthy egg. IVF and insert into mother where the baby is born