LECTURE 7

Question 1

By what date were genes being linked to disease

Answer 1

1980’s

Question 2

Human genome project goal ?

Answer 2

Obtain the entire DNA sequence of the haploid human genome

Question 3

main guy in the HGP

Answer 3

Francis Collins

Question 4

Two ‘players/organisations’ in the human genome project?

Answer 4

IHGSC (international human genome sequence consortium ) Francis Collins, and Celera genomics (Craig venter

Question 5

Difference in techniques used by both organisations?

Answer 5

• Mapping overlapping clones method

- Shot-gun sequencing

Question 6

Public effort strategy?

Answer 6

Human genome (haploid) was partitioned into mini yeast chromosomes. Each chromosome was then sequenced. And assembled using human genome map (genetic)

Question 7

Sequencing method?

Answer 7

1- Partial digestion of DNA which leads to overlapping fragments which is cloned into bacteria
2- This is analysed for markers or overlapping sites into a contig (continuous DNA sequence)
3- assembled stretching
4- A subset of overlapping clones that cover the entire chromosome are selected and fractured and the pieces are cloned
5- put together large large clones and filling any gaps

Question 8

Second human genome project

Answer 8

Player b Celera Genomics - Craig venter. Privately funded and used shot gun sequencing

Question 9

Method for shotgun sequencing ?

Answer 9

1- Genomic DNA is cut into small numerous fragments and cloned into bacteria
2- Each is sequenced
3- overlap in sequence is used to order the cloned
4- Computer programming is used to assemble the DNA sequence

Question 10

Second human genome project compared to first

Answer 10

No markers

no mini chromosomes

Question 11

when was the haploid genome first sequenced?

Answer 11

2001-draft

2004- no gaps

Question 12

first free living organic to be sequenced

Answer 12

Haemophilas influenza

1993

Question 13

Genomics

Answer 13

Study of the genomes

Question 14

Were the expectations met for the human genome project?

Answer 14

No,
we still don’t understand the function of all genes and all genes.
Diagnosis and cure to diseases (genetic) still lots of research to be done.

Question 15

What does genomics avoid

Answer 15

pre-selecting genes based on their function but looking for trends and patterns in DNA sequences

Question 16

structural genomics

Answer 16

Looking at the structure of genes and sequencing (organisation)

Question 17

comparative genomics

Answer 17

Comparing genomes between different species. Evolution

Question 18

functional genomics

Answer 18

use techniques for accessing levels RNA

Question 19

Expected size of genome?

Answer 19

50,000-1000,000 genes

Question 20

how much of the human genome is coding?

Answer 20

1.4%

Question 21

Transposons ?

Answer 21

short sequences found within DNA in multiple copies. Contain genes which allow the conversion to RNA and back to DNA

Question 22

Majority of our DNA?

Answer 22

Has an unknown function.

Question 23

Other genomes which were sequenced around the time of sequencing the human genome

Answer 23

influenza- first - 1995 
yeast- 1995 
worm -1998 
2000-fruit fly 
2002- mouse

Question 24

Homologous

Answer 24

Genes which are evolutionarily related

Question 25

Orthologs

Answer 25

homologous genes found in different species which have evolved from the same gene in a common ancestor

Question 26

Paralogs

Answer 26

Homologous genes which have duplicated within the same organism

Question 27

Accelerate evolution indicates? Low rates of evolution indicates what about a gene?

Answer 27

gene under selective pressure to change to become better suited to an organism highly conserved gene= importance

Question 28

Example of accelerated evolution?

Answer 28

Myoglobin, in aquatic animals to increase capture of oxygen

Question 29

transcriptome?

Answer 29

All RNA molecules which were transcribed from a genome

Question 30

Proteome

Answer 30

All proteins encoded for by a genome

Question 31

ways in which we can analyse the transcriptome?

Answer 31

- Micro array | - Next generation sequencing

Question 32

Method of next generation sequencing

Answer 32

Sequence RNA fragments against genome. Shred RNA into smaller fragments. .

Question 33

Microarray method?

Answer 33

DNA probes fixed to glass slide. Each spot had a different DNA probe. RNA is extracted from cells, reverse transcriptase to form cDNA which pairs with complementary probe. After hybridisation, colour of the dots which show up on the screen a indicative of the volume of the mRNA present

Question 34

Use of microarray in cancer

Answer 34

Can compare the difference of expression of genes between cancer patients and 'normal' patients. See where genes expressed which are in control of cell growth replication rates etc