Lecture 6:

Question 1

What is the crust made up of?

Answer 1

From Rock made from minerals

Question 2

What re the elements that are enriched in the lithosphere

Answer 2

Silicon, aluminum, potassium, sodium, calcium

Question 3

What are terms for rocks in the lithosphere?

Answer 3

Felsic or acid

Question 4

What are the general elements for the asthenosphere and mesosphere?

Answer 4

Magnesium and iron

Question 5

What are rocks termed in the asthenosphere or the mesosphere?

Answer 5

(Ultra-)magic or basic

Question 6

How was the crystals formed in the cave of crystals in naica, Mexico?

Answer 6

Gypsum crystals percipitate from hot water used to fill the cave.

Question 7

What is a mineral?

Answer 7

Needs to be formed by geological processes, and be able to define it precisely with a chemical formula.
(Check slide 8 definition)

Question 8

What mineral is copper extracted from?

Answer 8

Malachite or other copper ore minerals

Question 9

Describe naming of minerals.

Answer 9

Mineralogy rarely hints mineral properties in the name of the mineral.

Question 10

Describe the properties of minerals.

Answer 10

Minerals all have a crystalline structure meaning its atomic arrangement is ordered. Solid materials are crystalline and solids lacking internal atomic order are called glasses.

Question 11

______ are building blocks of rocks.

Answer 11

Minerals

Question 12

What is something that is:
Naturally occurring
Solid
Definite chemical composition (expressed by chemical formula)
Characteristic crystal structure

Answer 12

Minerals

Question 13

Ice water or quartz is a characteristic of ______.

Answer 13

Crystal structure

Question 14

Which of these are minerals:
Motor oil
Table salt
Rock candy
Synthetic diamond
Oyster shell

Answer 14

Table salt
Oyster shell (biogenic mineral)

Question 15

What is a crystal?

Answer 15

A single, continuous piece of crystalline solid typically bounded by flat crystal faces.

Question 16

What is the law that governs crystals?

Answer 16

Equivalent faces found on two samples of the same mineral always bear the same angular relationship. (Slide 15)

Question 17

What are the various shapes of crystals? Give 8 examples.

Answer 17

Cubes, prisms, blades, and pyramids.

Such as: halite, diamond, staurolite, quartz, garnet, stibnite, calcite, kyanite.

Question 18

What is an element?

Answer 18

A form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler form by heating, cooling, or chemical reaction

Question 19

_______ a form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler form by heating, cooling, or chemical reaction

Answer 19

Elements

Question 20

What is a compound?

Answer 20

A combination of 1 or more elements in specific proportions

Question 21

_______ is a combination of 1 or more elements in specific proportions

Answer 21

Compound

Question 22

_____ are the smallest particles of an element that retains all of the element’s chemical properties

Answer 22

Atoms

Question 23

How can we see atoms in a crystalline structure?

Answer 23

X-ray diffraction can determine the spacing of lattice planes inside the mineral. Transmission electron microscope shows the atomic structural pattern of minerals.

Question 24

Describe the crystalline pattern.

Answer 24

The ordered arrangement of storms forms spectacularly regular patterns. They control crystal shape and many of its physical properties. An ordered pattern creates a repeating motif which creates a crystal lattice.

Question 25

Describe the symmetry of crystals

Answer 25

The ordered atomic arrangement imparts crystal symmetry, symmetry depends on individual mineral.

Question 26

What will influence different properties of minerals (like hardness factor)?

Answer 26

Chemical bonding

Question 27

What are two polymorphs?

Answer 27

Structures that have the same chemical formula but different crystal structure

Question 28

What are two solid solutions?

Answer 28

Have different chemistry but same structure

Question 29

What is the difference in size between cations and anions?

Answer 29

Anions are larger than cations.

Question 30

The way elements are packed into a mineral crystal lattice depends on _______.

Answer 30

Size and charge of the elements’ ions.

Question 31

What are the different characteristics of atoms of the element that form minerals?

Answer 31

1. Size and charge of atoms and ions 2. Relative abundance of available elements 3. Temperature and pressure at time of formation

Question 32

What are the available elements within the crust (to form crystals)?

Answer 32

``` Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium Potassium Magnesium ```

Question 33

What are the different conditions that form minerals?

Answer 33

1. Solidification from a melt (freezing from liquid) 2. Precipitation from a water solution 3. Solid-state diffusion (a movement of atoms or ions through a solid) 4. Precipitation from a gas (volcanic vent or geysers) 5. Bio-mineralization (minerals formed by living organisms)

Question 34

What re examples of minerals formed from bio-mineralization?

Answer 34

Tooth enamel Bones of vertebrates Stones in urinary tract Shells of molluscs and other invertebrates

Question 35

Describe growth of crystals

Answer 35

39-41

Question 36

How are minerals identified?

Answer 36

A skill that is learned by learning physical properties and ways to test for them.

Question 37

What are some characteristics used to determine minerals?

Answer 37

``` Colour Streak Luster Hardness Specific gravity Crystal habit Cleavage Reaction to acid Fracture tendency ```

Question 38

What are the issues that arrive with identifying minerals through colour?

Answer 38

Visible light spectrum is poorly absorbed by minerals. Colour blindness.

Question 39

Complete

Answer 39

Slide 45-52

Question 40

What is a useful property of euhedral crystals and what does it refer to? Ex.

Answer 40

Crystal habit; refers to the shape of the crystal. | Ex. Asbestos

Question 41

What are the different classification of minerals?

Answer 41

Silicates | Non-silicates

Question 42

What are major groups of non-silicates?

Answer 42

Oxides, sulfides, sulfates, native elements, and carbonates

Question 43

What ares one silicates found in the crust?

Answer 43

Slide55

Question 44

What are some silicate minerals found in the mantle?

Answer 44

Slide 55