lecture 6 and 7 The Nervous System

Question 1

3 regions of brain

Answer 1

• forebrain
• midbrain
• hindbrain

Question 2

cerebral cortex
-how many lobes ?

Answer 2

4 lobes on each hemisphere

• frontal lobe
• parietal lobe
• temporal lobe
• occipital lobe

Question 3

Forebrain : Cerebrum

made up of?

Answer 3

cerebral cortex, basal nuclei and part of limbic system

Question 4

sulcus

Answer 4

• dips in the brain
• lateral sulcus or sylvian fissure (between frontal lobe and temporal lobe)
• central sulcus (between parietal lobe and frontal lobe)

Question 5

gyrus

Answer 5

• bump over brain
• sulcus down, gyrus up

Question 6

2 types of cells in cerebral cortex

Answer 6

pyramidal : form major output for cerebral cortex, sending axons

non-pyramidal : receiving input, receiving cells into cerebral cortex

Question 7

frontal lobe

3 major areas

Answer 7

motor cortex : middle area, movements

pre frontal cortex : thinking and problem solving

Broca’s area (lateral side near temporal lobe) : small area, involved in speech

Question 8

parietal lobe

Answer 8

includes : somatosensory cortex

function :

• processes senses
• spatial manipulation of the body and space around us

Question 9

Temporal lobe

Answer 9

includes : Wernicke’s area

function :

• auditory processing
• language perception and comprehension

Question 10

occipital lobe

Answer 10

includes :

-primary visual cortex

function : vision

Question 11

where is

• broca’s area, prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex
• central sulcus/lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)
• primary somatosensory cortex
• wernicke’s area
• primary visual cortex

Answer 11

Question 12

phineas gage

Answer 12

-rod went through his skull and damaged frontal lobe

-personality and behaviour changed

Question 13

basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

Answer 13

important function in controlling movement and posture

Question 14

cerrebrum + diencephalon + midbrain : the limbic system

Answer 14

learning, emotional experience, behaviors, visceral and endocrine functions

Question 15

forebrain : diencephalon

what does it contain + function?

Answer 15

thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

thalamus : synaptic relay station, attention focusing, relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

hypothalamus : command centre, regulation of environment

epithalamus : controls circadian rhythm, releases melatonin (sleep)

Question 16

hindbrain : cerebellum

Answer 16

important center for coordinating movements and controlling posture and balance

Question 17

gait ataxia

Answer 17

inability to coordinate voluntary muscular activity of limbs, trunk and head

Question 18

brainstem (hindbrain + midbrain)

3 components

Answer 18

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain (reticular formation)

-also releases cranial nerves

Question 19

medulla

Answer 19

• cardiovascular center
• dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
• vomiting, coughing, sneezing centres (basic rhythm of breathing)

Question 20

pons

Answer 20

“bridge” latin

-pontine respiratory group (intensity + rate of breathing)

Question 21

midbrain

reticular formation

Answer 21

essential for life, motor function, cardiovascular and respiratory control, rest/wakefulness

Question 22

midbrain

red nucleus

Answer 22

play a role in motor coordination

Question 23

midbrain

substantia nigra

Answer 23

lots of dopamine which plays a role in movement

Question 24

parkinsons disease

Answer 24

degenerative, progressive disease that affects the cells in the basal nuclei and substantia nigra : cant initiate movements

symptoms : bradykinesia (slowness of movement), involuntary shaking, stiffness, imbalance

Question 25

spinal cord

Answer 25

- has **gray** and **white matter** - **afferent neuron**= **dorsal side** - **efferent neuron** = **ventral side** - ventral horns and dorsal horns - central canal (where CSF flows)

Question 26

spinal cord segments

Answer 26

5 sections * cervical (8 segments) * thoracic (12 segments) * lumbar (5 segments) * sacral (5 segments) * coccygeal (1 segment) * nerves exit above their corresponding spinal vertebrae in cervical region, at T1 corresponding nerves will exit below their given segment

Question 27

conus medullaris

Answer 27

end of spinal cord

Question 28

filum terminale

Answer 28

pia meter extension

Question 29

cauda equina

Answer 29

lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerve roots

Question 30

spinal cord white matter contains

Answer 30

ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts

Question 31

PNS has how many pairs of nerves

Answer 31

43 pairs of nerves 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves (8,12,5,5,1)

Question 32

afferent vs efferent neurons

Answer 32

afferent : convey information from sensory receptors to CNS efferent : carry signals from CNS to muscles, glands and other tissues -divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Question 33

do spinal nerves contain efferent or afferent neurons? cranial nerves?

Answer 33

spina nerves : both cranial nerves : not all contain both, some only have one or the other

Question 34

somatic nervous sytem

Answer 34

- innervates skeletal muscle - single neuron between CNS and skeletal muscle - can lead only to muscle cell excitation (release ACTH)

Question 35

autonomic nervous system

Answer 35

- innervates smooth and cardiac muscle, glands and neurons in the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues - **two neuron chain** between CNS and affector organ - can be **excitatory** or **inhibitory**

Question 36

division of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 36

**sympathetic divison** : fight or fright (comes of _thoracolumbar division_) **parasympathetic division** : rest-or-digest (comes off cranial and sacral areas) one activated one is not very activated most organs innervated by both division of ANS (palms just have sympathetic)

Question 37

sympathetic chain/trunk

Answer 37

run parallel and external to vertebral column

Question 38

cervical sympathetic ganglia

Answer 38

-superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia project to structures in the **head and neck** as well as the **heart** superior →face, eyes middle→heart inferior→heart, lungs

Question 39

parasympathetic ganglia

Answer 39

_4 pairs in the head_ : others situated close to target organ **cillary ganglion** : located just behind the eye **submandibular ganglion** : near mandible (bottom) **otic ganglion** : head/neck of mandible **pterygopalatine ganglion** : cheek bone

Question 40

somatic nervous system sequence of neurotransmitter release

Answer 40

SNS CNS→**neurons release ACh** →**binds to nicotonic Ach receptor**→ **skeletal muscles**

Question 41

autonomic nervous system sequence of events with release of NT's parsympathetic division

Answer 41

ANS Parasympathetic divison CNS→**neuron release ACh** (in ganglion) →**nicotinic ACh receptor**→**neuron** →**release ACh**→**muscarinic ACh receptor** (g proteins)→**smooth or cardiac muscles, glands or other cells**

Question 42

autonomic nervous system sequence of events with release of NT's sympathetic division

Answer 42

sympathetic division CNS →neuron→ releases ACh (in ganglion)→binds to nicotinic Ach receptor→neuron→releases Norepinephrine→binds to adrenergic receptors→smooth or cardiac muscles, glands or other cells (alpha-adranergic receptors) or CNS→neuron releases ACh (in adrenal medulla)→binds to nicotinic receptor→ACh released into bloodstream→epinephrine releases→ smooth or cardiac muscles, glands or other cells (beta-adrenergic receptors)