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DPT 802 NeuroBio > Lecture 6- chemical/electrical nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture 6- chemical/electrical nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

how do neurons communicate with target cells

A

through electrical and chemical transformation

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2
Q

what is the function of a soma

A

synthesize most molecules a neuron needs to survive and function
reception and summation of signals

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3
Q

what cellular organs are housed in a neuron

A

nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, lysosome/peroxisome, mitochondria, cytoskeletal, cell membrane

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4
Q

what is the function of the nucleus in the soma

A

highly condensed and lost replicative functions in most neurons

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5
Q

what is the function of the rough ER in the soma

A

protein/peptide synthesis
produce Nissi body

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6
Q

what is the function of the smooth ER in the soma

A

lipid synthesis

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7
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus in the soma

A

modification of the synthesized protein/peptide and lipid for sorting

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8
Q

what is the function of the lysosome/peroxisome in the soma

A

degrade metabolic waste

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9
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria in the soma

A

power plant

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10
Q

what is the function of the cystoskeletal structure in the soma

A

neurofilaments

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11
Q

what cellular organs are in the axon

A

mitochondria
lysosome/peroxisome
enzyme for neurotransmitter synthesis and activation

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12
Q

what is a hillock

A

where axon is formed and extending out of soma

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13
Q

what is the function of the hillock

A

initiation of AP by peripheral process in pseudounipolar neurons

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14
Q

what does the axon form a synapses with and function

A

target cells through the terminals
release neurotransmitters

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15
Q

which neuron in the cerebellar cortex is the only one providing afferent axons to other brain structure and which neurotransmitter does it release

A

purkinje
GABA

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16
Q

what cellular organs does a dendrite have

A

golgi apparatus extension

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17
Q

what is multipolar dendrities

A

multiple dendrites from soma

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18
Q

what is bipolar dendrites

A

dendrites mainly on one end of the soma

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19
Q

what is unipolar dendrites

A

one hillock with dendrites on axon

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20
Q

what is the pseudounipolar dendrites

A

one hillock divides axon to 2 branches
most sensory neurons

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21
Q

what is the active transportation methods of molecules in a neuron

A

anterograde and retrograde

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22
Q

what is anterograde transportation

A

from soma to dendrtites/axons carrying kinesin

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23
Q

what is retrograde transportation

A

from dendrtites/axon back to the soma carrying dynein

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24
Q

what does the anterograde/retrograde transportation travel on

A

tubulins: elongating unidirectionally to the plus direction

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25
how does tubulins differ between dendrites and axons
dendrites can go either way axons only go to terminals
26
what delivers tubulin proteins
golgi apparatus
27
what channels are selectively permeable
water channels ion channels (leak or gated) ion pumps transporters/receptors
28
what requires cellular membrane polarity
osmotic potential electric potential
29
what is rest membrane potential
roughly negative 40 mV to 90 mV
30
what is ligand gated ion channel
neurotransmitter binds to the ion channel that is the receptor to change membrane potential
31
what is voltage gated ion channel
resting membrane increases to the threshold
32
what is modality gated
open or close touch, pressure, heat, cold, light
33
what is in charge of the rest membrane potential that is polarized
K+
34
what are the phases of initiation of AP
resting potential slow depolarization fast depolarization repolarization hyperpolarization
35
what is resting potential
-70 mV
36
what is slow depolarization
>-70 mV, ligand/modality gated Na+ graded potential
37
what is fast depolarization
>-55 mV (threshold), voltage gated Na+ action potential
38
what is repolarization
back to -70 mV, voltage gated K+ and pumps
39
what is hyperpolarization
<-70 mV, voltage gated K+ and pumps
40
what are the 3 stages of voltage gated Na+ channels
resting activated inactivated
41
what is the resting stage of voltage gated Na+ channel
below threshold potential (resting and slow depolarization) activation is closed inactivation is open
42
what is the activated stage of voltage gated Na+ channel
fast depolarization both gates open
43
what is the inactivated stage of voltage gated Na+ channel
repolarization and hyperpolarization activation is open inactivation is close
44
What is absolute refractory period
Activated and inactivated states (resting, slow and fast depolarization) Can’t induce another AP
45
What is relative refractory period
Some channels return to resting state Earlier than hyperpolarization phase Can induce another AP with higher stimulation but increase threshold
46
What comprises repolarization of neurons
Back to rest membrane potential Compromised balance of electric and osmotic potential Na and K pumps
47
What is the flow of Na and K pump
3 NA out for every 2 K in ATP dependent
48
Why does AP in the middle of axon spread bidirectionally under experiment
Axon reflex: both afferent and efferent on one axon
49
What blocks voltage gated Na channels from back flowing
Activated and inactivated voltage Na channels in the absolute refractory period due to unidirectional spread
50
What happen with repolarization when multiple AP happen along the same axon due to increased stimuli
Follows absolute refractory period
51
What defines conduction speed of AP
Axon characteristics
52
What is a myelin sheath
Layers of lipid, insulation
53
What is node of ranvier in the myelin sheath
Small gap only for voltage gated Na channels
54
Where are the potassium channels in the myelin sheath
Internodes
55
What is saltatory conduction in the myelin sheath
AP conduction jumping from one node to another
56
What does the myelin sheath diameter determine for conduction speed of AP
Bigger is faster and less resistance
57
What is damaged in the CNS for MS
Oligodendrocyte myelin Olfactory bulb/tract CN II optic nerve
58
What is the communication between myelin layers
Gap junctions for signal and molecule transportation
59
What is damaged in the PNS for Gillian Barre syndrome
Schwann cell myelin
60
What does target cells synapse with within the neuron
Dendrites Soma Axon
61
What does communication with target cells overall affect
Muscles and glands
62
What are the components of an electrical synapse with target cells
Gap junction Bidirectional conduction
63
What are the components of a chemical synapse of target cells
Presynaptic axon terminal (neurotransmitters) Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic membrane (receptors)
64
What are the postsynaptic membrane receptors used with chemical synapse with target cells
Ligand gated ion channels G protein coupled receptors
65
How is info relayed of the electrochemical signals in target cells
AP arrives at presynaptic terminal of chemical synapse Release neurotransmitters Initiate response
66
What happens within the presynaptic terminal in chemical synapse
Depolarization opens Ca channel (voltage gated) Inflow of Ca Fuse vesicles with presynaptic membrane
67
What happens within the release of neurotransmitters within target cell synapse
Diffusion across synaptic cleft Bind to receptors on postynaptic memebrane
68
Once neurotransmitters are released within the synapse of target cells what response is initiated
Excitatory: EPSP depolarize postsynaptic membrane No AP initiation Inhibitory (IPSP) Hyperpolarize postsynaptic membrane No AP
69
What is the functions of the ligand gated ion channel in the postsynaptic membrane
Ionotropic receptor Fast, point to point, specific One AP small vesicles with different neurotransmitter Depolarization or hyperpolarization
70
What is the functions of the G protein coupled receptor in the postsynaptic membrane
GPCR, 2nd messenger slow, point to area, nonspecific small vesicles with different neurotransmitters large vesicles release neurotransmitters binding of neurotransmitters to release G protein multiple responses
71
what is temporal summation
stimuli from presynaptic neurons from same location or locations with different time frames
72
what is spatial summation
presynaptic neurons fire from different locations at the same time
73
what are the results of total summation if its -60 mV
over resting (-70 mV) under threshold (-55 mV) excitatory no AP initiation
74
what are the results of total summation if its -50 mV
over threshold (-55mV) excitatory AP initiation
75
what are the results of total summation if its -90 mV
lower than resting (-70 mV) inhibitory hyperpolarized and refractory to be activated
76
what voltage gate is opened by depolarization for NMJ
Ca2+ channel
77
what does acetylcholine bind to and what happens
nicotinic receptor on alpha subunit to open Na+ channel that depolarizes postsynaptic membrane that initiates m contraction
78
what are the syndromes that affect the presynaptic channels of NMJ
lambert eaton isaacs
79
what is lambert eaton syndrome
presynaptic channel VGCC diminished Ca2+
80
how does diminished Ca2+ channel affect the function in lambert eaton
impaired fusion of ACh vesicles with membrane weakness, flaccidity
81
what is isaacs syndrome
presynaptic channel VGKC blocked K+ channel
82
how does diminished K+ channel affect the function in isaacs syndrome
impaired depolarization continuous release of acetylcholine resulting in spasm
83
what are the syndrome that affect the postsynaptic channels of NMJ
myasthenia gravis
84
what is myasthenia gravis
postsynaptic channel directly affect AChR: sodium channel indirectly affect AChR localization
85
what are the stabilizers for AChR localization
MuSK and LRP4
86
what are the S&S of myasthenia gravis
weakness, eye muscles are often the worst
87
what is the treatment of myasthenia gravis
block acetylcholinesterase
88
what receptor responds to ACh in the ionotropic receptor of postynaptic membrane in PNS
nicotinic fast EPSP
89
what receptor responds to ACh in the metabotropic receptor of postynaptic membrane in PNS
GPCR based muscarine slow IPSP in smooth and cardiac m
90
what receptor responds to ACh in the metabotropic receptor of postynaptic membrane in CNS
GPCR based muscarine modulating functions point to area, non specific, slow
91
what is muscarine
agonist of AChR in brain/PNS (parasympathetic) deadly poison
92
what are the 4 main categories of neurotransmitters
amines amino acids neuropeptides other small molecules or oins
93
what can aspirin be used for regarding neurotransmitters
agonist- increase neurotransmitters prevent reuptake block degradation disinhibition
94
what can curare be used for regarding neurotransmitters
antagonist (ACh)- decrease neurotransmitter
95
what 3 amines help the ARAS for arousal and alert status
dopamine norepinephrine serotonin

DPT 802 NeuroBio (10 decks)

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