Lecture 6 - Intelligence

Question 1

Modular minds addendum

Answer 1

Freud’s take on modular minds
Modules
● ID
○ base desires
○ instincts
● SUPEREGO
○ morality/law
○ reward/punishment
● EGO
○ Mediator
○ Rational, grounded
○ Problem-solving
Freud, 1923, “The Ego and
the Id”

Freud was kind of a precursor of Fodor (similar)

Fodor’s Modularity of Mind (‘83)
the mind has different modules (parts)
Remember Fodor from lecture 3:
● Encapsulation and inaccessibility
● Mandatoriness, speed, and superficiality
● Dissociability and localizability
● Domain specificity
● Innateness

Kahneman’s 2 Systems (modules)
System 1:
● Automatic/involuntary
● Quick
● “No effort”
● Subconscious
● Error-prone
Ex: see angry face
System 2:
● Effort
● Conscious
● Slow
● Logical
Ex: math equation

Question 2

Binet & Simon’s IQ Test (1905)

Answer 2

E.g of test:
-what is the difference between “boredom” and “weariness”,
-Follow moving obj with one eye.
● Paris school authorities → find+help school kids on both ends of spectrum
● Biases: e.g. “Recognition of Food” (recognition of chocolate)… some poorer people or from other countries had never had chocolate
● Used to filter immigrants on Ellis Island → Eugenics
● Stanford-Binet Test (1916) → Army Alpha test (1917

Question 3

Wechsler’s Intelligence Test (1955)

Answer 3

Intelligence: “…the global capacity of a person to act purposefully,
to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment”
New & Improved:
● From single IQ → multiple point scales (100 = mean, +/- 15pts per stand. deviation)
● Respects (but doesnʼt quantify) non-intellective factors (e.g. fear of failure)
○ → Non-verbal performance scale
● No more timed sections → but they came back later

See the parts of WAIS-3
Verbal IQ (Verbal Comprehension Index and Working Memory Index)
Performance IQ (Perceptual Organization Index and Processing Speed Index)
… see the subtests

WAIS and WISC Criticism
● ✅ Child equity (help students with disadvantages or gifted)
● ❌ Racism + other discrimination
● 🤔 What does it measure?
● 🤔 Reliability (e.g. sleepy):
○ ✅ Vocabulary (same if sleepy)
○ 🤔 Matrix reasoning (worse if sleepy)
○ ❌ Block design (very bad if sleepy)

Question 4

Spearman’s G Factor (1904)

Answer 4

Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence

1-There is an underlying factor (g=general intelligence)
2- other forms S (verbal, numerical, spatial, mechanical)

General intelligence can be compared to athleticism. A
person might be a very skilled runner, but this does not
necessarily mean that they will also be an excellent
figure skater.
However, because this person is athletic and fit, they
will probably perform much better on other physical
tasks than an individual who is less coordinated and
more sedentary.

Question 5

Raymond Cattell’s Fluid/Crystallized Intelligence (‘63)

Answer 5

Fluid = gf… global capacity to reason, ability to learn new things, ability to think abstractly and solve problems
Crystallized = gc… prior learning and past experiences, based on facts, increases with age

Fluid correlates more with g
Fluid goes down with age (gf) crystallized goes up (gc)
Raven progressive matrices (fluid)
Algebra formula = crystallized (but can be found with fluid, but easier if memorize formula)

Question 6

Garder’s Multiple Intelligences (‘83)…8

Answer 6

Visual-Spatial
Linguistic-Verbal
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Logical-Mathematical
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Naturalistic

Reasons to separate:
● potential for brain isolation by brain damage
● place in evolutionary history
● the existence of savants, prodigies and other exceptional people
● support from experimental psychology

General Trend (unrelated to Gardner)
● Move away from singular IQ score
● IQ is only partially innate (c.f. twin adoption studies)

Question 7

Types of learning for AI

Answer 7

-Supervised: ask system question and know already the right answer (which one is a cat? Yes or no, it’s this one)… ex: chat gpt

-Unsupervised: give bunch of data and it looks for number of patterns (look for clusters)… no way to know correct answer for sure

-Reinforcement: Don’t know exactly what have to do at any one moment, but know if right or wrong (if it gives wrong answer, tell the machine ´no’ but don’t tell it correct answer)… over time the machine learns ex: 2d and 3d models, rat in maze

Question 8

Summary

Answer 8

● Freud: Early proponent of modular mind theory
(id, ego, superego)
● Kahneman: mind has 2 systems
○ System 1: fast/automatic/subconscious
○ System 2: slow/logical/conscious
● IQ Tests:
○ Binet → Wechsler
○ Single score → Multiple scores
○ Tons of criticism
● Intelligence (Humans)
○ G factor → 🌊/🔮 → 8 factors
3