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Anatomy 0503 > Lecture 6: Intro to Bone and Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Intro to Bone and Vertebral Column Flashcards

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1
Q

Main structures of skeletal system

A

Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons (all connective tissue types)

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2
Q

How do bone and surrounding soft tissues develop?

A

Living tissue composed of cells and extracellular matrix. Bone and surrounding soft tissue each depend on each other during their development and influences their organization and structure.

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3
Q

What are some major functions of the bone tissue?

A

Support framework of the body

protection of viscera (e.g., vertebral column protects spinal cord)

vital in movement

often paired with muscular system (e.g., musculoskeletal system)

salt and mineral storage (e.g., calcium)

production of blood cells, red and white via bone marrow.

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4
Q

What is the axial skeleton, what bones is it composed of?

A

Axial Skeleton: Central portion of the skeleton

Skull (22 bones),
hyoid,
vertebrae (33 total);
ribs (12 pairs),
chest plate (manubrium, sternum, xiphoid process)

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5
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

: bones associated with upper and lower limbs. Both sets
of limbs are similar to one another in organization

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6
Q

How are the bones of the appendicular skeleton organized?

A

Girdles, Stylopod, Zeugopod and Autopod

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7
Q

What are the girdles?

A

Girdles: Proximal bones of limbs that articulate with the axial skeleton.

  1. Pectoral (upper): Scapula,clavicle
  2. Pelvic (lower): Ilium, ischium, pubis
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8
Q

Stylopod

A

Stylopod: singular bone in proximal segment of limb

  1. Upper limb: Humerus
  2. Lower limb: femur
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9
Q

Zeugopod

A

Zeugopod: Paired bones in the middle segment of the limbs

  1. Upper limb: radius, ulna
  2. Lower limb: tibia, fibula
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10
Q

Autopod

A

Autopod: bones consisting of the hands and feet, distal segment of limbs
1. Upper limb: carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
2. Lower limb: tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges

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11
Q

Two types of bone compositions?

A

compact (dense, strength) and spongy (less dense,
spongy, elastic) bone tissue

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12
Q

What is medullary tissue?

A

Medullary tissue may replace spongy bone with marrow
(produces blood cells)

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13
Q

fibrous connective tissue that surrounds bone? What nerves sense tearing/tension/pain?

A

periosteum: perichondrium is the
equivalent that surrounds cartilage

periosteal nerves to sense tearing/tension pain

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14
Q

What are the 5 bone classification based on morphology, their shapes and some examples

A

i. Long bones: tubular (e.g., humerus)
ii. Short bones: cuboidal (e.g., carpal bones)
iii. Flat (squamous) bones: flat and protective (e.g., parietal bone of skull)
iv. Irregular: odd-looking (e.g., vertebrae)
v. Sesamoid: develop within tendons, help with redirecting muscle action across a joint (e.g., patella)

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15
Q

Condyle

A

Condyle: rounded articular surfaces

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16
Q

Facet

A

Facet: Smooth, flatter articular surface, covered with cartilage

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17
Q

Foramen / Notch; Nutrient Foramen

A

Foramen/Notch: opening into bone.

Nutrient foramen: Hole allowing blood vessels into bone to bone itself

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18
Q

Fossa

A

Fossa: Depression, a hollow

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19
Q

Line / Crest

A

Line/Crest: linear elevated ridge

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20
Q

Process / spine

A

Process/spine: cylindrical or linear projection

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21
Q

Protuberance:

A

Protuberance: low rounded elevation

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22
Q

Tubercle / Tuberosity

A

Tubercle/Tuberosity: small or large eminence

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23
Q

Meatus/Canal

A

tunnel-like features (meatus has no exit, canal does)

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24
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Cartilage (semi-rigid, avascular connective tissue)
lining areas of articulation that provide low-friction gliding (i.e., smoother
action over the joint)

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25
What are the 4 kinds of connections between joints?
Fibrous, Syndesmosis, Cartilaginous, Synovial
26
features of joints
Bone-to-bone * Rich in blood supply * Rich in nerve supply * Proprioception (Sense of 3D space) * Several Kinds: Hinge, Plane, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball & Socket
27
Fibrous joint and example
Fibrous: Articulating bones attached with fibrous tissues. Joints of the skull
28
Syndesmosis (type of fibrous joint)
Syndesmosis: unites bone with a fibrous sheet Connective tissue sheet between radius and ulna, and tibia / fibia
29
Cartilaginous joints
Cartilaginous joints: united by hyaline or fibrocartilage fibers. Provides some flexibility. Cartilage surrounding condyle of humerous and femur
30
Primary cartilaginous
Synchondrosis (cartilage of fumr and humerus
31
Secondary cartilaginous
Symphysis (intervertebral discs)
32
Synovial Joint
Synovial: Joint within a fluid-filled space, lubricated. Most common joint
33
Clinical condition A result of aging, bone tends to degenerate, in other words, the capability to retain minerals/organic/inorganic components and maintain structural integrity decreases.
Osteoporosis: more common in women than men
34
What is the vertebral column and its functions
Central, median part of body Cranium, Appendicular attachments * Supports head (“Appendage”) * Weight-bearing * Maintains Posture * Protects Spinal Cord * Attachment of many muscles * Aid in locomotion
35
How many vertebrae in each section; function of intervertebral discs
Humans have 33 total vertebrae * 7 Cervical * 12 Thoracic * 5 Lumbar * 5 Sacral (fused-sacrum) * 4 Coccygeal (form coccyx) * Intervertebral discs provide cushioning, mobility, and stability
36
What is the lumbosacral angle?
Lumbosacral Angle occurs at the lumbar and sacral junction L5 - S1 * Change of angle * Intervertebral disc: wedge shaped * Common site of ‘slippage’ of L
37
Types of spinal curvatures
Kyphosis: Concave anteriorly Lordosis: Concave posteriorly
38
Whats a primary curvature, and which parts of spine have this?
Primary Curvature: Thoracic & sacral curves formed during development They are kyphotic
39
Secondary curvature
Secondary Curvature: Curves form after birth for weight bearing, cervical (head) lumbar (body from walking) Lordosis
40
3 types of abnormal curvatures and how the arise?
Abnormalities may arise in several ways including osteoporosis, poor posture, and unequal tone of postural muscles (e.g., weak abdominal muscles with strong back muscles, vice versa). 1) Excessive Thoracic Kyphosis 2) Excessive Lumbar lordosis 3) Scoliosis
41
Excessive Thoracic Kyphosis
Thoracic region has strong curvature such that the neck and head are more curved anteriorly (e.g., looking down at your phone habitually!)
42
Excessive lumbar lordosis
Lumbar region more curved than normal
43
scoliosis
Abnormal rotation about the vertebrae, laterally curved vertebral column, generally caused by asymmetry of back muscles, failure of vertebrae to develop, differing leg lengths.
44
Vertebral body
y (centrum): Anterior region responsible for support, increases in size inferiorly along the vertebral column. Roughly cuboidal/cylindrical in shape.
45
Neural (vertebral) Arch
Posterior portion that surrounds the spinal cord.
46
Pedicles
columns that attach the rest of the arch to the body
47
Laminae
flat posterior portions that meet at midline
48
Vertebral Foramen
Main opening between body and neural arch
49
Vertebral Canal
passageway through the column for the spinal cord and associated soft tissues (fat, meninges, vessels)
50
Vertebral Notches
curved superior and inferior margins of the pedicle
51
Intervertebral Foramina
lateral opening formed by adjacent vertebral notches (superior and inferior notches together form a foramen)
52
Spinous Process
Median process projecting posteriorly from laminae
53
Transverse Process
posterolateral projection from junction of lamina and pedicle, bilateral
54
Articular Processes
paired superior and inferior projections that articulate with adjacent vertebrae (a.k.a. pre-, postzygapophyses).
55
Characteristics of cervical vertebrae | body, foramen, transverse process, spinous process
i. Body: small, wide. Presence of uncinate processes on C3–6 ii. Vertebral Foramen: large, triangular iii. Transverse Process: Foramina transversaria, absent/small in C7. Passage for vertebral artery to cranium. iv. Spinous Process: short and bifid, C6-7 long and prominent
56
What are the atlas and axis
Atlas (C1): Ring-like, no body and spinous process, mainly an anterior and posterior arch, articulates with the cranium vi. Axis (C2): Presence of the dens that allows Atlas to pivot (the dens is the body of C1 that C2 incorporates with itself during development, neat!)
57
Thoracic Vertebra | body, foramen, transverse p, spinous p
i. Body: Heart-shaped, one or two facets to articulate with head of rib (parapophysis) ii. Vertebral Foramen: circular, smaller than in cervical, lumbars iii. Transverse Process: long and strong, decreases in length inferiorly, facet present to articulate with tubercle of the rib (diapophysis) iv. Spinous Process: long, slopes posteroinferiorly and overlaps subsequent vertebra
58
Lumbar
i. Body: Massive, kidney-shaped faces. ii. Vertebral Foramen: triangular, large iii. Transverse Process: long and slender, accessory processes on posterior surface iv. Articular Process: **Mammillary process** on posterior surface of superior process (multifidus muscle attachment) v. Spinous Process: short, sturdy, hatchet-shape
59
Sacrum
5 total: Large wedge shape fusion of all five sacral vertebrae
60
Sacro-illiac joints
articulation with the ilia, provides support and strength
61
base of pelvis
: Superior surface of S1
62
Promontory
anterior projection of S1 body
63
Median Crest
fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae
64
Intermediate Crest
: fused articular processes of the sacral vertebrae
65
Lateral sacral crests
: Fused tips of the transverse process of the sacral vertebrae
66
Sacral Hiatus
Absence of the laminae and spinous process of S4-5
67
Sacral Cornua
Inferior articular process of S5
68
coccyx
4 total: Remnants of our tail that is now adapted into the pelvis for additional stability and support, especially with the pelvic floor muscles.
69
What is spina bifida occulta
Congenital anomaly, the laminae of L5/S1 fail to fuse normally. In spina bifida cystica, one or more vertebral arches may almost completely fail to develop. Present with herniation of the meninges (meningocele) or even the spinal cord itself (myelomeningocele).
70
Anulus Fibrosus
ring of fibrocartilage forming the intervertebral disc
71
Nucleus Pulposus
Center of intervertebral disc. Compresses and tenses but loses elastic ability through aging
72
Uncovertebral “Joints”
: Between uncinate process of C3-C6, on body
73
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
strong fibrous ligament that runs on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies from C1 to the sacrum. Prevents hyperextension.
74
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Strong fibrous ligament that runs on the posterior surface of the vertebral body from C2 to the sacrum. Relatively weaker than its anterior counterpart. Prevents hyperflexion
75
Zygapophysial joint:
Zygapophysial joint: Synovial articulations between the superior and inferior articular processes (zygapophyses) of adjacent vertebrae.
76
Joint Capsule
Encloses each zygapophysial joint.
77
Ligamentum Flava
Broad, elastic fibrous tissue connecting laminae of adjacent vertebrae. Resist separation
78
Interspinous Ligaments
Connect adjacent spinous processes
79
Supraspinous Ligaments
Connect adjacent spinous processes posteriorly on their apexes
80
Nuchal Ligaments
merges with supraspinous ligament, strong median ligament of the neck and back of the skull (external protuberance).
81
: Herniation of Nucleus Pulposus.
Posterior longitudinal ligament and/or anulus fibrosus degenerates, the nucleus pulposus may herniate. May compress the roots of a spinal nerve and cause localized and/or chronic pain. Common in cervical and lumbar regions.
82
Movements of the vertebral columns
Flexion, Lateral flexion, Extension, lateral extension, Rotation
83
Movement limitations of vertebral column
Movement Limitations: Elasticity of the intervertebral discs, orientation of the articular facets, tension of joint capsules, resistance by ligaments/muscles, rib cage, bulk of surrounding tissues (skin, fat, etc.,)
84
Whiplash
Hyperextension of the neck cause the anterior longitudinal ligament to strain and may tear or damage. Usually occurs during read-end accidents during driving.

Anatomy 0503 (9 decks)

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