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Anatomy 0503 > Lecture 6: Intro to Bone and Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Intro to Bone and Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

Main structures of skeletal system

A

Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons (all connective tissue types)

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2
Q

How do bone and surrounding soft tissues develop?

A

Living tissue composed of cells and extracellular matrix. Bone and surrounding soft tissue each depend on each other during their development and influences their organization and structure.

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3
Q

What are some major functions of the bone tissue?

A

Support framework of the body

protection of viscera (e.g., vertebral column protects spinal cord)

vital in movement

often paired with muscular system (e.g., musculoskeletal system)

salt and mineral storage (e.g., calcium)

production of blood cells, red and white via bone marrow.

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4
Q

What is the axial skeleton, what bones is it composed of?

A

Axial Skeleton: Central portion of the skeleton

Skull (22 bones),
hyoid,
vertebrae (33 total);
ribs (12 pairs),
chest plate (manubrium, sternum, xiphoid process)

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5
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

: bones associated with upper and lower limbs. Both sets
of limbs are similar to one another in organization

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6
Q

How are the bones of the appendicular skeleton organized?

A

Girdles, Stylopod, Zeugopod and Autopod

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7
Q

What are the girdles?

A

Girdles: Proximal bones of limbs that articulate with the axial skeleton.

  1. Pectoral (upper): Scapula,clavicle
  2. Pelvic (lower): Ilium, ischium, pubis
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8
Q

Stylopod

A

Stylopod: singular bone in proximal segment of limb

  1. Upper limb: Humerus
  2. Lower limb: femur
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9
Q

Zeugopod

A

Zeugopod: Paired bones in the middle segment of the limbs

  1. Upper limb: radius, ulna
  2. Lower limb: tibia, fibula
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10
Q

Autopod

A

Autopod: bones consisting of the hands and feet, distal segment of limbs
1. Upper limb: carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
2. Lower limb: tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges

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11
Q

Two types of bone compositions?

A

compact (dense, strength) and spongy (less dense,
spongy, elastic) bone tissue

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12
Q

What is medullary tissue?

A

Medullary tissue may replace spongy bone with marrow
(produces blood cells)

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13
Q

fibrous connective tissue that surrounds bone? What nerves sense tearing/tension/pain?

A

periosteum: perichondrium is the
equivalent that surrounds cartilage

periosteal nerves to sense tearing/tension pain

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14
Q

What are the 5 bone classification based on morphology, their shapes and some examples

A

i. Long bones: tubular (e.g., humerus)
ii. Short bones: cuboidal (e.g., carpal bones)
iii. Flat (squamous) bones: flat and protective (e.g., parietal bone of skull)
iv. Irregular: odd-looking (e.g., vertebrae)
v. Sesamoid: develop within tendons, help with redirecting muscle action across a joint (e.g., patella)

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15
Q

Condyle

A

Condyle: rounded articular surfaces

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16
Q

Facet

A

Facet: Smooth, flatter articular surface, covered with cartilage

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17
Q

Foramen / Notch; Nutrient Foramen

A

Foramen/Notch: opening into bone.

Nutrient foramen: Hole allowing blood vessels into bone to bone itself

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18
Q

Fossa

A

Fossa: Depression, a hollow

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19
Q

Line / Crest

A

Line/Crest: linear elevated ridge

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20
Q

Process / spine

A

Process/spine: cylindrical or linear projection

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21
Q

Protuberance:

A

Protuberance: low rounded elevation

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22
Q

Tubercle / Tuberosity

A

Tubercle/Tuberosity: small or large eminence

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23
Q

Meatus/Canal

A

tunnel-like features (meatus has no exit, canal does)

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24
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Cartilage (semi-rigid, avascular connective tissue)
lining areas of articulation that provide low-friction gliding (i.e., smoother
action over the joint)

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25
Q

What are the 4 kinds of connections between joints?

A

Fibrous, Syndesmosis, Cartilaginous, Synovial

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26
Q

features of joints

A

Bone-to-bone
* Rich in blood supply
* Rich in nerve supply
* Proprioception
(Sense of 3D space)
* Several Kinds:
Hinge, Plane, Pivot,
Condyloid, Saddle, Ball
& Socket

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27
Q

Fibrous joint and example

A

Fibrous: Articulating bones attached with fibrous tissues.

Joints of the skull

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28
Q

Syndesmosis (type of fibrous joint)

A

Syndesmosis: unites bone with a fibrous sheet

Connective tissue sheet between radius and ulna, and tibia / fibia

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29
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Cartilaginous joints: united by hyaline or fibrocartilage fibers. Provides some flexibility.

Cartilage surrounding condyle of humerous and femur

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30
Q

Primary cartilaginous

A

Synchondrosis (cartilage of fumr and humerus

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31
Q

Secondary cartilaginous

A

Symphysis (intervertebral discs)

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32
Q

Synovial Joint

A

Synovial: Joint within a fluid-filled space, lubricated. Most common joint

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33
Q

Clinical condition A result of aging, bone tends to degenerate, in other words, the capability to retain minerals/organic/inorganic components and maintain
structural integrity decreases.

A

Osteoporosis: more common in women than men

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34
Q

What is the vertebral column and its functions

A

Central, median part of body

Cranium, Appendicular attachments

  • Supports head (“Appendage”)
  • Weight-bearing
  • Maintains Posture
  • Protects Spinal Cord
  • Attachment of many muscles
  • Aid in locomotion
35
Q

How many vertebrae in each section; function of intervertebral discs

A

Humans have 33 total
vertebrae
* 7 Cervical
* 12 Thoracic
* 5 Lumbar
* 5 Sacral (fused-sacrum)
* 4 Coccygeal (form coccyx)
* Intervertebral discs provide
cushioning, mobility, and
stability

36
Q

What is the lumbosacral angle?

A

Lumbosacral Angle occurs at the lumbar and sacral junction

L5 - S1
* Change of angle
* Intervertebral disc: wedge shaped
* Common site of ‘slippage’ of L

37
Q

Types of spinal curvatures

A

Kyphosis: Concave anteriorly
Lordosis: Concave posteriorly

38
Q

Whats a primary curvature, and which parts of spine have this?

A

Primary Curvature: Thoracic & sacral curves formed during development

They are kyphotic

39
Q

Secondary curvature

A

Secondary Curvature: Curves
form after birth for weight
bearing, cervical (head)
lumbar (body from walking)

Lordosis

40
Q

3 types of abnormal curvatures and how the arise?

A

Abnormalities may arise in several ways including osteoporosis, poor posture, and unequal tone of postural muscles (e.g., weak
abdominal muscles with strong back muscles, vice versa).

1) Excessive Thoracic Kyphosis
2) Excessive Lumbar lordosis
3) Scoliosis

41
Q

Excessive Thoracic Kyphosis

A

Thoracic region has strong curvature such that the neck and
head are more curved anteriorly (e.g., looking down at your phone habitually!)

42
Q

Excessive lumbar lordosis

A

Lumbar region more curved than normal

43
Q

scoliosis

A

Abnormal rotation about the vertebrae, laterally curved vertebral column, generally
caused by asymmetry of back muscles, failure of vertebrae to develop, differing leg lengths.

44
Q

Vertebral body

A

y (centrum): Anterior region responsible for support, increases in
size inferiorly along the vertebral column. Roughly cuboidal/cylindrical in shape.

45
Q

Neural (vertebral) Arch

A

Posterior portion that surrounds the spinal cord.

46
Q

Pedicles

A

columns that attach the rest of the arch to the body

47
Q

Laminae

A

flat posterior portions that meet at midline

48
Q

Vertebral Foramen

A

Main opening between body and neural arch

49
Q

Vertebral Canal

A

passageway through the column for the spinal cord and
associated soft tissues (fat, meninges, vessels)

50
Q

Vertebral Notches

A

curved superior and inferior margins of the pedicle

51
Q

Intervertebral Foramina

A

lateral opening formed by adjacent vertebral
notches (superior and inferior notches together form a foramen)

52
Q

Spinous Process

A

Median process projecting posteriorly from laminae

53
Q

Transverse Process

A

posterolateral projection from junction of lamina
and pedicle, bilateral

54
Q

Articular Processes

A

paired superior and inferior projections that
articulate with adjacent vertebrae (a.k.a. pre-, postzygapophyses).

55
Q

Characteristics of cervical vertebrae

body, foramen, transverse process, spinous process

A

i. Body: small, wide. Presence of uncinate processes on C3–6
ii. Vertebral Foramen: large, triangular
iii. Transverse Process: Foramina transversaria, absent/small in C7.
Passage for vertebral artery to cranium.
iv. Spinous Process: short and bifid, C6-7 long and prominent

56
Q

What are the atlas and axis

A

Atlas (C1): Ring-like, no body and spinous process, mainly an anterior and posterior arch, articulates with the cranium
vi.

Axis (C2): Presence of the dens that allows Atlas to pivot (the dens is the body of C1 that C2 incorporates with itself during development, neat!)

57
Q

Thoracic Vertebra

body, foramen, transverse p, spinous p

A

i. Body: Heart-shaped, one or two facets to articulate with head of rib (parapophysis)
ii. Vertebral Foramen: circular, smaller than in cervical, lumbars
iii. Transverse Process: long and strong, decreases in length inferiorly, facet
present to articulate with tubercle of the rib (diapophysis)
iv. Spinous Process: long, slopes posteroinferiorly and overlaps subsequent
vertebra

58
Q

Lumbar

A

i. Body: Massive, kidney-shaped faces.
ii. Vertebral Foramen: triangular, large
iii. Transverse Process: long and slender, accessory processes on posterior
surface
iv. Articular Process: Mammillary process on posterior surface of superior
process (multifidus muscle attachment)
v. Spinous Process: short, sturdy, hatchet-shape

59
Q

Sacrum

A

5 total: Large wedge shape fusion of all five sacral vertebrae

60
Q

Sacro-illiac joints

A

articulation with the ilia, provides support and strength

61
Q

base of pelvis

A

: Superior surface of S1

62
Q

Promontory

A

anterior projection of S1 body

63
Q

Median Crest

A

fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae

64
Q

Intermediate Crest

A

: fused articular processes of the sacral vertebrae

65
Q

Lateral sacral crests

A

: Fused tips of the transverse process of the sacral
vertebrae

66
Q

Sacral Hiatus

A

Absence of the laminae and spinous process of S4-5

67
Q

Sacral Cornua

A

Inferior articular process of S5

68
Q

coccyx

A

4 total: Remnants of our tail that is now adapted into the pelvis for
additional stability and support, especially with the pelvic floor muscles.

69
Q

What is spina bifida occulta

A

Congenital anomaly, the laminae of L5/S1 fail to fuse normally. In
spina bifida cystica, one or more vertebral arches may almost completely fail to develop.
Present with herniation of the meninges (meningocele) or even the spinal cord itself (myelomeningocele).

70
Q

Anulus Fibrosus

A

ring of fibrocartilage forming the intervertebral disc

71
Q

Nucleus Pulposus

A

Center of intervertebral disc. Compresses and
tenses but loses elastic ability through aging

72
Q

Uncovertebral “Joints”

A

: Between uncinate process of C3-C6, on body

73
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

A

strong fibrous ligament that runs on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies from C1 to the sacrum. Prevents hyperextension.

74
Q

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

A

Strong fibrous ligament that runs on the posterior surface of the vertebral body from C2 to the sacrum. Relatively weaker than its anterior counterpart. Prevents hyperflexion

75
Q

Zygapophysial joint:

A

Zygapophysial joint: Synovial articulations between the superior and inferior articular processes (zygapophyses) of adjacent vertebrae.

76
Q

Joint Capsule

A

Encloses each zygapophysial joint.

77
Q

Ligamentum Flava

A

Broad, elastic fibrous tissue connecting laminae of
adjacent vertebrae. Resist separation

78
Q

Interspinous Ligaments

A

Connect adjacent spinous processes

79
Q

Supraspinous Ligaments

A

Connect adjacent spinous processes
posteriorly on their apexes

80
Q

Nuchal Ligaments

A

merges with supraspinous ligament, strong median
ligament of the neck and back of the skull (external protuberance).

81
Q

: Herniation of Nucleus Pulposus.

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament and/or anulus fibrosus
degenerates, the nucleus pulposus may herniate. May compress the roots of a spinal nerve and
cause localized and/or chronic pain. Common in cervical and lumbar regions.

82
Q

Movements of the vertebral columns

A

Flexion, Lateral flexion, Extension, lateral extension, Rotation

83
Q

Movement limitations of vertebral column

A

Movement Limitations: Elasticity of the intervertebral discs, orientation of the
articular facets, tension of joint capsules, resistance by ligaments/muscles, rib
cage, bulk of surrounding tissues (skin, fat, etc.,)

84
Q

Whiplash

A

Hyperextension of the neck cause the anterior longitudinal ligament to strain
and may tear or damage. Usually occurs during read-end accidents during driving.

Anatomy 0503 (9 decks)

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