Lecture 6 Legumes Flashcards
(34 cards)
1- Whats the enviormental targets by 2050
2- Whats the environmental targets by 2030?
3- What is the target for the EU Farm to fork strategy?
1-Climate neutral economy by 2050
2-25% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030
3-The EU Farm to Fork strategy has set a target to reduce:
❖ nutrient losses by at least 50%
❖ fertilizer use by at least 20% by 2030
➢ 22-25% by 2025
➢ 27-30% by 2030 (Food Vision Dairy Group)
1- PRG Seed sales in Ireland:
2- What seed dominates the national recommended list and why?
1* 95% of seed sales in Ireland are PRG
2* PRG dominates the national recommended varieties
list
* Why?
❖High digestibility
❖High in CHO
❖High yield
❖Positive response to defoliation
❖Carry high SR
❖High responsive to nitrogen
Slide 10 predicted effect of 20% reduction in chemical N fertiliser on grass only swards
Why traditionally is there a low usage of clover inclusion? (6)
➢ Low cost of chemical N
➢ Risk of poor establishment
➢ Poor spring growth
➢ Increase in reseeding requirements
➢ Poor persistency
➢ Change to grazing management
Why may it be a good idea to include clover in our swards now? (5)
- Environmental challenges
- Cost of fertiliser and feed
- DAFM Schemes – Red clover silage measure
- Requirement under Nitrates Derogation
- Increase NUE
Explain the N cycle with legumes:
- Rhizobium bacteria (on roots) form a symbiotic relationship with the legume plant
- Capable of biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation - the conversion of inert
atmospheric N (from soil air) into nutritionally valuable plant protein for growth
and development (N Fixation) - N gas is converted to ammonia in nodules present on the root – ammonium N
Slide 15 diagram- know where the nodules are and the tap roots. Maybe label them in a diagram on the exam?
What does the rhizobium bacteria in the soil do?
invade the roots of legumes and form
nodules that are the site of conversion of N from the soil air into protein
Whats the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobia bacteria and legume plant?
What is the rate of fixation?
Rhizobia bacteria provide the legume plant with N in the form
of ammonium
* Legume plant provides the bacteria with CHO (sugar) for energy
* Rate of N2 fixation = plant growth
* Factors that affect plant growth will reduce N2 fixation
Legumes can then supply N to PRG growing alongside it
List the 8 factors that effect N2 fixation
- Drought
- Low temperature
- Late spring/ early summer before there will be a significant
contribution of N to the sward from N fixation - Nutrient availability
- Soil structure – aeration
- Disease/ weed infestation
- Clover sward content
- N fertiliser application
- Solar radiation
Photosynthesis formula
CO2 + H2O > C6H12O6 + O2
Name a hybrid clover?
Alsike (hybrid) Clover
Red clover Identification (7)
- Light crescent bond may or may not be present
-Leaf margin not toothed
-Usually has hairs
-Point of stipule short and sharp
-Stem is errect with hairs
-Seed is yellow to purple
-Purple flower
Alsike clover Identification (7)
-No Crescent
-Slightly Toothed
-No hairs
-Point of stipule long
-Stem erect with no hairs
-Seed light green to black
-Pinkish flower
White clover Identification (7)
-Whitosh leaf markings on the upper mid surface
-Leaf margin toothed
-No hairs
-Stipule
-Stem suns along the ground
-Seed yellow to brown
-White flower
Does red and white clover both have hairs?
NO
Red= yes
White= NO
What type of roots does white clover have?
Stolon rooting system
What type of roots does red clover have and ladoino white clover ?
Slide 25 just look at clover diagrams
Tap roots
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)
1- How long does it live
2- What sort of leaves?
3- What sort of roots?
4- How does it manage in drought situations?
5- What should you alternate with?
6- What sort of growth habit does it have?
1* Short-lived perennial
2* Leaves are trifoliate
3* Deep tap root
4* Drought tolerant
5* Alternate with a pale,
inverted crescent-shaped
mark on the mid-upper
surface
6* Erect growth habit
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)
1- How common is it?
2- Whats the N fixation rate of it?
3- Life span?
4-Whats it suited to?
5- What can it yield ?
1* RC is the second most common legume in Ireland
2* Higher N fixation than WC @ 200-300 kg N/ha/year
3* Shorter life span – 3-4 years
4* Suited to short term leys and silage swards
5* PRG/RC pastures can yield 11-16 t/DM/year
Red clover diagram labelled learn it : slide 28
Whats the advantages of red clover?(10)
- Highly productive - 11-16 t/DM/yr
- N fixing – 200+ kg N/ha/yr
- Short life span of 3-4 years
- Protein- and mineral-rich species
- Adapted to a wide range of soil and environmental
conditions - Has good winter hardiness
- Erect growth habit makes it suitable for hay and silage
making - High nutritive value and VFI characteristics lead to
good animal performance - Increased animal performance
- Valuable break crop in arable farming and organic
farming on account of N- fixation ability and as a
source of OM
Management of Red clover:
1- Whos recommended list do we use?
2- What does it preform well with?
3- Whats the seed rate?
4- When should you reseed this?
5- What do you have to remember with the post emergence spray?
6- Soil ph?
7- Soil Index?
8- What should you see before first cut of silage?
9- When do you harvest?
10- When is the early harvest?
1* UK Recommended List
2* High performing PRG varieties from PPI
3* Seeding rate 20-22 kg/ha of grass seed and 7-
10kg/ha red clover (3-4kg/acre)
4* Spring reseed (sow April to June)
5* Clover-safe post-emergence herbicide
6* Soil pH 6.3 – 7.0 and
7-Index 3 for P and K
8* Allow to flower before first silage cut in mid-May
9* Harvest every 6-8 weeks (3 cut system)
10* Early harvest (26th May) increased clover content
total annual DM yield
Slide 31:The effect of chemical nitrogen fertiliser on dry
matter production in red clover silage swards
Slide 32: High P and K requirement graphs
