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ECOL 182R > Lecture 6: Prokaryotes and Protists > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Prokaryotes and Protists Flashcards

1
Q

How long have Prokaryotes been around?

A

alone most of history of life on earth, approximately 2.5 billion years .

  • origin of life = 4 billion
  • Prokaryotes = 3.5 billion
  • Photosynthesis = 2.8 billion
  • Eukaryotic cells = 1.5 billion
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2
Q

What was the main atmospheric change after prokaryotes?

A

-photosynthesis

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3
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

first photosynthetic, abundant organisms

-produce Oxygen as waste

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4
Q

Two major consequences of Photosynthesis creating Oxygen

A
  • Aerobic (efficient) metabolism
  • Accumulation of ozone shield (O3) protected life from UV irradiation (allowed life on land) (human metabolism is reliant on oxygen)
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5
Q

Few Eukaryotes can operate _______ oxygen.

A

without

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6
Q

Aerobic

A

“in the presence of oxygen”

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7
Q

Archaea is the ______ group to Eukarya

A

sister

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8
Q

Archaea and bacteria are both __________. but differ more from each other than Archaea and Eukarya.

A

prokaryotic

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9
Q

What are the two Kingdoms in Prokarya?

A

Kingdom Bacteria

Kingdom Archaea

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10
Q

Explain Kingdoms in Eukarya (Old method)

A

OLD

  • Protists
  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Animals
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11
Q

What are the seven Kingdoms in Eukarya (New) method)?

gee whiz/don’t need to know these

A

NEW

1) Excavato
2) Discicristata
3) Alveolata
4) Stramenopila
5) Rhizaria
6) Plantae
7) Opisthokonta
8) Amoebozoa

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12
Q

When was Archaea first sequenced (genome)

A

1996

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13
Q

How are bacteria and Archaea similar and how are they different?

A

Superficially similar;

Genetically and Morphologically different
IE- bacteria walls contain peptidoglycan whereas Archaea have different substances, polysaccharides or glycoproteins

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14
Q

What differences between Archaea and Bacteria led to the three Domain concept?

A
  • differences in RNA sequences
  • membrane structure
  • others
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15
Q

Extremophiles

A

-many archaea are extremophiles
-Organisms that thrive in extreme conditions
IE - Sulfolobus is an Archaea that thrives at very high temperatures and acidic environments)

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16
Q

Which organism is the most numerous and diverse?

A

Prokaryotes

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17
Q

What percent of Prokaryotes were cultured using cell staining?

A

1%

Now use culture-free DNA sequencing

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18
Q

How many species of Prokaryotes live in gut?

A

about 1000 inside (probably more); thousands on skin too

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19
Q

How many prokaryotic cells relative to human cells in gut?

A

10 times

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20
Q

How much of our weight is bacteria?

A

1 kg

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21
Q

Prokaryotes in the Gut

A
  • important for normal gut development
  • calibrate immune system
  • different communities more or less efficient at extracting calories from food
22
Q

Skin prokaryotes

A

1) prevent pathogens from invading

2) stimulate skin immunity, protects against skin disease

23
Q

Provide example of Prokaryotes powerful effects

A

-bacteria that turns males into females

  • female minute (stingless) parasitic wasps have bacteria in their cells that are transmitted to the next generation egg cytoplasm
  • Males don’t transmit the bacterium
  • The bacteria cause all of the wasp offspring to be female and there are no males in this population
24
Q

What do Prokaryotes have that’s different from (most) Protists and animals?

A

A cell wall.

-Cell walls provide structural support, protection, and prevent water loss or rupture of cell from turgor pressure.

25
Q

Prokaryotic cells are usually much ________ than Eukaryotic cells

A

smaller.

-They are closer to the size of mitochondria or chloroplast.

26
Q

In a prokaryotic cell, everything is in ______ compartment.

A

one

27
Q

Eukaryotes (difference from Prokaryote)

A
  • have a nuclear envelope
  • often (except for plants) no cell wall (allows for movement)
  • sophisticated cytoskeleton
  • vesicles for digestion
  • Organelles
28
Q

nucleus (not on quiz)

A

stores genetic info

29
Q

chloroplast(not on quiz)

A

responsible for photosynthesis

30
Q

ribosomes(not on quiz)

A

site of protein synthesis

31
Q

endoplasmic reticulum(not on quiz)

A

the highway network for transportation

32
Q

golgi apparatus(not on quiz)

A

the carbohydrate factory and sorting/packaging facility

33
Q

cytoskeleton(not on quiz)

A

the scaffolding of the cell

34
Q

mitochondria(not on quiz)

A

site of cellular respiration (converts energy in sugar to ATP)

35
Q

lysome(not on quiz)

A

digestion machine

36
Q

prokaryotic cells are structurally more _________ than eukaryotic cells.

A

simple (because no nuclear membrane-Eukaryotic cells have true nuclei and membrane-bounded organelles)

37
Q

Membrane

A

the thin layer that forms the outer boundary of a living cell or an internal cell compartment

38
Q

Main functions of Membranes in cells

A

(1) REGULATE the passage of molecules into and out of cells and organelles (selectively)
(2) Divide the cell into numerous COMPARTMENTS, each with its own specialized function
(3) act as surfaces that hold ENZYMES (catalysts for reaction)
(4) Dynamic and constantly CHANGing with the environment

39
Q

All biological membranes are ______________.

A

selectively permeable

40
Q

Evidence of Endosymbiosis

A

Organelles share features with prokaryotes

  • mitochondria and chloroplast organelles store their own DNA/RNA
  • genes most closely related to existing bacteria (chloroplasts closely related to cyanobacteria and mitochondria closely related to proteobacteria)
  • both cyanobacteria and chloroplasts have chlorophyll in their membranes (and other similarities
41
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

asexually by fission

42
Q

How do prokaryotes exchange genetic info?

A

Conjugation: transfer of DNA via a cytoplasmic bridge

Transformation: Take an extracellular DNA spontaneously

Transduction: DNA can be transferred by a bacterial virus (a bacteriophage)

43
Q

prokaryotes have a ________ rage of shapes and sizes

A

fairly narrow

44
Q

all ancestral prokaryotes were ________ and some still are. Some can shift back and forth

A

anaerobic

anaerobic: metabolism in the absence of oxygen
aerobic: metabolism that requires oxygen

45
Q

all living organisms need a source of ________ and a source of _________ to survive and grow.

A
  • energy
  • carbon

(human get both from eating)

46
Q

chemolithotrophs

A

some prokaryotes use simple inorganic molecules like nitrogen or sulfur for energy but CO2 for carbon

47
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

prokaryotes that use light for energy but need to ingest organic compounds for carbon

48
Q

chemical tricks for prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A
  • digest cellulose (in plant walls)

- produce amazing toxins like polyketids, many antibiotics

49
Q

prokaryotes play key role in global nutrient cycles

A

nitrogen fixation: extract N2 out of the air

nitrification: ammonia produced from nitrogen fixation is converted into nitrate ions (a form that’s better for plants to use
denitrification: return nitrogen from waste to atmospheric nitrogen

50
Q

protists defined by what they are not

A

-not animals, not plants, not fungi

  • most are unicellular but some are multicellular
  • many evolved independently in different lineages
  • some more closely related to plants, some to animals, some to fungi
  • not a monophyletic group
51
Q

There are 8 major lineages of Eukaryotes. Most are ______ lineages.

A

protist

note: protists are paraphyletic (common ancestor not all descendants)

ECOL 182R (19 decks)

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