Lecture 5: Systematics and Phylogenies

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

Organizing organisms based on a hierarchy of groups called taxons (International Code of Nomenclature)

Question 2

Taxons (Largest to smallest)

Answer 2

*Domain
Supergroup
Kingdom
Phylem
Class
Order
Family
*Genus
*Species (basic unit)

Question 3

2 methods of nomenclature

Answer 3

(1) polynomial: many names (outdated)
(2) Binomal ( current method)
- Corolus Linneaus; Swedish botanist, early 1700s
- check it is.gov for updates

Question 4

A complete Species name consists of…

Answer 4

1) Genus (uppercase italicized)
2) specific epithet (italicized or if needed underlined); aka species
3) (Author)

Question 5

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 5

a diagram that depicts the lives of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms or genes from a common ancestor(s).

Question 6

A split occurs at a _________ when the ancestral lineage divides into 2 descendant lineages.

Answer 6

Node

Question 7

Each node represents…

Answer 7

a speciation event

Question 8

root

Answer 8

basal

Question 9

Node

Answer 9

common ancestor at time of split

Question 10

Branches

Answer 10

a lineage (species through time)

Question 11

Species of interest

Answer 11

species that have originated from last common ancestor

Question 12

2 species are more closely related if they…

Answer 12

have a more recent common ancestor

Question 13

Monophyletic group
“natural group”
clade

Answer 13

the most recent common ancestor and ALL its descendants

Question 14

Paraphyletic group

part of Non-monophyletic group

Answer 14

the most recent common ancestor and SOME of its descendants

Question 15

Non-monophyletic group
“artificial group”
grade

Answer 15

some members are more closely related to organisms outside the group

Question 16

polyphyletic

part of Non-monophyletic group

Answer 16

similar characteristics, no shared ancestor