Lecture 6: PROTEINS

Question 1

What are amino acids?

Answer 1

They are the building blocks of proteins

Question 2

Proteins are essential constituents of what tissue?

Answer 2

Animal tissue .

Question 3

Protein is the __________ __________ of any nutrient (except water) in organs and muscle.

Answer 3

highest concentration

Question 4

All cells can ________ protein.

Answer 4

Synthesize

Question 5

COMPOSITION OF NUTRIENTS
- Proteins are chemically made up of ___,____,____,____ and some minerals

Answer 5

C (Carbon, H( Hydrogen), O (Oxygen), N( Nitrogen)

Question 6

Proteins contain long chains of ________, which contain NH2

Answer 6

Amino Acids

Question 7

____________ and ___________ nature of protein are determined by amino acid _________ and ___________. Also by the type of ________ and other compound (iron)

Answer 7

Physical and Chemical - Sequence and Length, Linkage.

Question 8

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACIDS
- Plant and animal proteins contain_____
amino acids

Answer 8

20

Question 9

Plant and Microbes ____ synthesize all amino acids

Answer 9

can

Question 10

Animals ____ synthesize all amino acids

Answer 10

can’t

Question 11

AMINO ACIDS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO 2 CATEGORIES
- ______________ Amino Acids , which are ________ in a diet .
Animals _____ synthesize adequate amounts

Answer 11

Essential, needed , can’t

Question 12

_____________ Amino Acids, which are _____ needed in a diet. Animals _____ synthesize adequate amounts.

Answer 12

Non- Essential , not , can

Question 13

What are the Essential Amino Acids?

Answer 13

Arginine (Arg), Lysine ( Lys), Histidine ( His), Methionine ( Met), Leucine (Leu), Phenylalanine ( Phe), Isoleucine (ile ), Threonine ( Thr), Valine (val), Tryptophan ( trp)

Question 14

FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
- Basic ________ of the body . ( Collagen, _________, Contractile , _________. Keratin, ________ __________

Answer 14

Structural , Elastin, Proteins, Blood Proteins.

Question 15

Metabolism: A ___________ catalyzed ____________ reactions

Answer 15

Enzyme; chemical

Question 16

Enzymes: ____________ and ______________

Answer 16

digestive; synthesize

Question 17

_______________” messenger” in the body . ( ex. insulin and growth hormones)

Answer 17

Hormones

Question 18

Immune Antibodies
Source of __________

Answer 18

Energy

Question 19

Amino Acids are _____________, NH2 is excreted in ______ and the c structure is used for _________.

Answer 19

deaminated ( remove a amino acid from a compound ), urine, energy

Question 20

DIGESTION OF PROTEINS -Intact proteins _____ be absorbed . They need to be broken down or digested into ________ _______. This occurs by digestive ___________ .I n the stomach ________ and _________ break peptide bonds . In the _________ ________ is where ________ is secreted to further break down those proteins.

Answer 20

cant, amino acids, secretions, HCI or hydrochloric acid and pepsin . Small intestine is where trypsin.

Question 21

PROTEIN DIGESTION IN THE RUMEN
- Rumen microbes can degrade or break down some feed protein into __________ (NH3). This type of protein is called Ruminally _________ protein . (RDP). The remaining protein is called ruminally __________ protein (RUP).

Answer 21

Ammonia , Degradable, Undegradable.

Question 22

Rumen microbes can also synthesize protein from many sources of ________ which is feed that is ruminally degradable .

Answer 22

Nitrogen

Question 23

Nitrogen Sources are ______ and ______

Answer 23

Urea and Ammonia

Question 24

ABSORPTION OF AMINO ACIDS
- Amino acids and small peptides are absorbed by the. They are absorbed via energy ________ ( active) transporters on the intestinal _______ _______

Answer 24

Small Intestine, dependent, cell wall

Question 25

Important Exception to protein digestion and absorption is in _____ _____________. During the first day of their lives they ______ digest ______ but ______ absorb intact _______. Mother Concentrates colostrum which contains _______ that are proteins that provide ______ against disease.

Answer 25

new born animals. can't, protein, can, proteins , antibodies , immunity

Question 26

PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS - ____ __________ can't synthesize some amino acids. __________ ______ _______ ( EAA) are required in a diet . EAA that do not meet the animals requirements are called __________ _______ _______. A limiting amino acid for pigs is ______. _________ also can't synthesize (EAA). EAA are __________ by the animal. However ruminants have _______ ________ that can synthesize

Answer 26

Non- Ruminants, Essential Amino Acids, Limiting Amino Acids , Lysine, Ruminants, needed, rumen microbes.

Question 27

PROTEIN DEFICENCY - Causes one or more _______ amino acids -____________ protein consumption SYMPTOMS - Poor ______ rate ( reduced nitrogen retention. -Poor ________ and _________ - Reduced ______ and ____ production - reduced ______ intake

Answer 27

limiting, inadequate - growth, production and reproduction - milk and egg feed

Question 28

PREVENTION - Increase dietary _________ supply, supplement the diet with ______ ______

Answer 28

protein, amino acids

Question 29

PROTEIN TOXICITY - Toxicity is not a problem unless _____ is fed - ________ (NH3) TOXICITY - In ruminants, rumen microbes can synthesize ________ from ________ (NH3), that is released from NPN sources ( _____) -Excess _______ from feeding too much _____ is rapidly absorbed into the _______ and may cause toxicity. - _______ in blood causes ____________ __________ - SYMPTOMS - Excessive __________, rapid _________, incoordination, _______, tetany and ________ -PREVENTION - use _____% ______ in ruminant diets TREATMENT - Administer ______ ___

Answer 29

NPN - Ammonia - Proteins from ammonia - urea -NH3, NPN, blood -NH3 -Neurological Disturbances - salivating, breathing, bloat, death - 1%- - Acetic A