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AU2017 Gen Path Exam 2 > Lecture 6- Pulmonary Pathology I > Flashcards

Lecture 6- Pulmonary Pathology I Flashcards

1
Q

each lung is … grams

A

200-250 (R. heavier)

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2
Q

lungs have a … blood supply

A

dual (pulmonary and bronchial)

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3
Q

the vocal cords are lined by

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

the large airways (larynx, trachea bronchi) are lined by… with mucus glands, neuroendocrine cells and cartilage

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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5
Q

what are the 2 cell types of alveoli?

which produces surfactant?

A

type 1- flat, 95%

type 2- cuboidal (produce surfactant)

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6
Q

4 pulmonary defenses

A

upper resp tract- filtering

lower resp tract- mucociliary units

lymphoid tissues- cellular and humoral immunity

alveolar macrophages

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7
Q

…is coughing up blood

A

hemoptysis

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8
Q

… is diff. of breathing (SOB)

A

dyspnea

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9
Q

… is collapse of the lung

A

atelectasis

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10
Q

… is air in the pleural space leading to collapse

A

pneumothorax

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11
Q

… is suppuration in pleural cavity

A

empyema

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12
Q

pleural effusion is fluid in the … space and it can be filled with either … or …

A

pleural

transudate (low protein fluid caused by increased venous pressure)

exudate (high protein fluid caused by increased vascular permeability)

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13
Q

In pulmonary edema, accumulation of fluid in the lungs is first in the … tissues then ultimately filling up the … air spaces

A

interstitial

distal

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14
Q

3 causes of pumonary edema

A

increased intravascular pressure (CHF)

hypoproteinemia

vascular damage (infections, autoimmune disease)

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15
Q

2 main problems of pulmonary edema

A

inhibits normal oxygen exchange

predisposes to infection

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16
Q

4 predisposing factors of thrombo-emboli

A

chronic illness

prolonged bed rest

hypercoagulable state (factor V leiden)

DVTs

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17
Q

COPD is the combination of… and …

A

emphysema

chronic bronchitis

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18
Q

4 classic disorders in obstructive pulmonary diseases

A

emphysema
chronic bronchitis
bronchiectasis
asthma

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19
Q

… is the permanent enlargement of the distal small air spaces due to destruction of alveolar septal walls

A

emphysema

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20
Q

Clinical presentation of emphysema

A

dyspnea
cough
prolonged exhalation
“pink puffers” (their oxygenated but need to really force air out because elastic walls have been destroyed)

21
Q

pathogenesis of emphysema

A

imbalance between protease and anti-protease enzymes

22
Q

what is the major cause of the imbalance between protease and anti protease enzymes in emphysema?

A

smoking

23
Q

2 forms of emphysema

A

centriacinar

panacinar

24
Q

… emphysema involves the central portion of the acini and usually affects the upper lobes and is most often related to smoking

A

centriacinar

25
Q

… emphysema involves the entire acinar unit from the respiratory bronchioles to terminal alveoli, usually affects lower lobes

A

panacinar

26
Q

which kind of emphysema is seen in patients with alpha antitrypsin deficiency

A

panacinar

27
Q

… is defined by a cough with sputum for 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years

A

chronic bronchitis

28
Q

patients with … may have hypoxemia and cyanosis “blue bloaters”

A

chronic bronchitis (have trouble getting air in)

29
Q

pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis

A

chronic irritation (smoking) and infections

30
Q

pathology of chronic bronchitis

A

increased mucus gland layer, chronic inflammation, fibrosis and narrowing of airways

31
Q

predisposing factors for chronic bronchitis and emphysema (4)

A

smoking
atmosphere pollutants
infections
genetic factors (CF, alpha 1 at deficiency)

32
Q

smoking causes mucus gland …, increases … muscle tone, inhibits … and …. and induces squamous…

A

hypertrophy

smooth muscle tone

cilia and phagocytosis

metaplasia

33
Q

… is defined as chronic infection with permanent major airway dilation; secondary to obstruction, infection or both

A

bronchiectasis

34
Q

clinical presentation of bronchiectasis

A

severe cough

bloody mucoid expectoration

dyspnea

35
Q

complications of bronchiectasis

A

abscess
pneumonia
bronchopleural fistula
empyema

36
Q

predisposing factors of bronchiectasis

A

obstructive tumors

foreign bodies

CF

other COPD
suppurative

necrotizing pneumonua

37
Q

pathology of bronchiectasis

A

dilated distal bronchi and bronchioles

chronic infection with inflamm. and variable purulence

38
Q

…. is defined as increased irritability and prominence of smooth muscle in bronchi and bronchioles marked with reversible episodes of contraction and irway constriction

A

asthma

39
Q

initiating factors of asthma

A 
allergies
infections
exercise
drugs
emotions
40
Q

is asthma common?

A

yes affects 5% of adults and 7-10% of kids especially inner city children

41
Q

clinical presentation of asthma

A

wheezing
long exhalation
hyperinflation of lungs

42
Q

types of asthma

A

atopic and non-atopic

43
Q

3 causes of atopic (extrinsic) asthma

A

type I hypersensitivity (IgE mediated)

environmental antigen

positive FH

44
Q

cause of non-atopic

( intrinsic) asthma

A

may be initiated by viruses or air pollutants

45
Q

Either atopic or nonatopic an be triggered by

A

emotional stress
exercise
cold temps

46
Q

what disorder has the following pathology?

increased mucus glands, smooth muscle hypertrophy, inflammation with eosinophils and type 2 helper T cells

A

asthma

47
Q

Pathogenesis of asthma: antigen binds to surface …. on mast cells releasing a large number of mediators including … and …

A

IgE
histamine
leukotrienes

48
Q

asthma tx

A

inhalation bronchodilators for immediate relief (albuterol)

controller medications (corticosteroids)

AU2017 Gen Path Exam 2 (9 decks)

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