LECTURE 6- REPAIR

Question 1

3 places for repair initiation

Answer 1

 Same turn repair initiation and solution (problems that are resolved before the next turn)- spotting the issue and resolving it before coming to a point of possible turn completion. Speakers monitor their own communicative actions in real time- they can anticipate communicative problems and fix them before they become consequential for their communication with recipients
 Transition space repair initiation and solution – The repair happens in the transition space. Transition space repair is the speakers last opportunity to address a problem source before the next speaker starts talking.
 Next turn repair initiation- for example the next turn occurs, they say ‘pardon’ to repair the issue- it is the next speaker repairing the issue

Question 2

consequences of doing repair in different ways

Answer 2

Consequences of doing repair in different ways
* Relational concerns- doing a repair involves drawing attention to problems in someone’s talk- drawing attention to problems in someone’s talk can implicitly point to a lack of competence on their part- this is why sometimes people forego repair on others talk (don’t want to expose their mistakes)
* Exposed corrections=
* Jefferson (1987) showed that exposed corrections make the communication problem particuary evident; they pause the conversation in order to deal with the problem
* Exposed corrections are commonly responded to with explanations or apologies, such as in this case
* Embedded correction= doesn’t draw explicit attention to the problem
* Using an embedded correction means often no apology is needed

Question 3

What did shegloff find with strength of repair

Answer 3

• Shegloff et al= found people prefer to use stronger initiators. They also noticed people often change from using a weak initiator and replace it with a stronger one. Also found a more specific marker can be used, when the weaker one has failed.
• Clark and Schaefer- found in calls with an operator, only 4% used a weak initiation repair- limiting the other speakers (the operators) effort in the conversation- they called this a ‘strongest initiator rule’

Question 4

what did enfield find with rapir

Answer 4

• Enfield’s 12 langage sample= people use the weak repair intitiation when they simply cant be more specific- There were 3 ways this occurred (He called these trouble prone contexts)- 1, when there is obvious noise inteference, 2, Person B attention is elsewhere, 3, Person A turn was a question. In a trouble prone context the person has no choice but to be vague and use a weak problem initiator.

Question 5

3 types of weak repair initiators

Answer 5

• 1.Interjection= ‘huh’ or ‘hmm?’ - uses a simple word that is dedicated to the repair initiation function. This is the type that is universal
• 2.‘what’- this uses a word that also has a broader function in the language, for example occuring in other sentences as a regular question word.
• 3.Formulaic type= special idioms for initiating repair- the so called polite options; ‘sorry?’ pardon? ‘excuse me?’
• Findings show when trouble source was a question the likelihood of people using weak repair was half- when it was an answer to a question it was a quarter