LECTURE 9-

Question 1

Evidence for the preference of cooperation

Answer 1

*Kendrick and Torreira (2015) studied responses to invitations, proposals, offers, requests, and suggestions in English.

*They found that dis preferred responses often start with nonword sounds like in-breaths and clicks; and particles like “um” and “well.” These sounds and particles delay the start of the content of the response; half of the Dis preferred responses happened after 0.5 seconds while only twenty percent of the preferred responses did.

*In a study polar question in English, Stivers (2010) found that 72% questions received a “yes” response.

*One explanation is that people dislike saying “no.” But a better explanation is that questioners aim to avoid questions that are likely to get a “no” response.

Question 2

what does a delayed response do?

Answer 2

A delayed response, gives way to the idea that a Dis preferred response is on the way. Often here, the recipient will rephrase the question or statement, enabling that Dis preferred response to be the preferred one. They may do this to make the respondents job easier (showing the cooperative nature of conversation at work)

Question 3

why are non answers slower?

Answer 3

Why are non answers slower? Cognitive processing of the question. Or to do with signalling, if they do not know the answer to the question they will delay a response, to send a message that they are hesitant.

Because we want to be cooperative, we avoid non answers

‘yes’ answers were twice as quick as ‘no’ answers- because of the fast-yes effect (a yes answer is quicker, as you are certain). Signalling effect+ people like yes answers more than no, so recipients are eager to give a yes answer, thus it being quicker

Strivers found yes answers were more common than no answers.

Two reasons delayed responses occur- cognitive processing/ signalling

Question 4

The one second rule

Answer 4

Jefferson said 1 second is a ‘standard maximum silence’ in conversation

The first half of the one second rule is called the on-time zone (variations within the first half don’t tend to effect peoples interpretations of a repsonse; if transiotns occur in this half, it will still sound smooth.

The second half is called the late zone- if transitions occur here, they sound late (unwilling, dispreferred)

Question 5

what did Roberts and Francis find?

Answer 5

Felicia Roberts & Alexander Francis= asked ppts to judge how willing a recipient was to respond, when listenign to a conversation about giving a lift. When the response ‘sure’ to the lift question occurred afteer the one second delay, people judged the person to be less willing. Found if the delay was any more than 0.5 people judged as less willing. They say the 600 ms mark is the point at which ‘social attributions emerge’

Question 6

what did Knedrick and Torreira find?

Answer 6

Kendrickk and Torreira- found distinct elements that can conspire to distance the response- came up with 3 distinct measures of delay

1. time of silence before the first audible part of the response
2. time before the first particle of response
3. time before the firsy word of response that has relevant content

They found in dis preferred the first sound one hears isnt a word, but a breath in or click, showing slightly shorter silences. (compared to preferred where it is a word)

dispreferred responses are often prefaced with interjections like ‘um’ ‘well’- any bad news is effectively delayed

They found the largest count for dispreferred responses is at 600ms, at precisely ‘key moment in the projection of social attributions’