Lecture Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Critical Thinking
A
Being able to detect fallacies
2
Q
Reflective Skepticism
A
Not taking things as given
3
Q
Rationality
A
Using most efficient means to achieve goals (gathering evidence)
4
Q
Knowledge
A
Need evidence, objective reasons, and some measure of rationality
5
Q
Faith
A
Cannot produce empirical evidence (ontological argument, argument from evil)
6
Q
Logic
A
Precise rules for reasoning
7
Q
Informal Logic
A
Looking at words and meanings
8
Q
Formal Logic
A
Structure (symbols)
9
Q
Proposition
A
Statement about world
10
Q
Conclusion
A
Thing affirmed (claim)
11
Q
Premise
A
Reasons for conclusion (grounds)
12
Q
Non-Arguments
A
Warnings, advice, opinion, conditionals, explanations, predictions
13
Q
Truth
A
True and only true if corresponds w/ nature; facts; no middle ground
14
Q
Analytic Truth
A
Self-evident w/o going out and testing
15
Q
Synthetic Truth
A
Observed and tested
16
Q
Syllogism
A
Standard form (2 prem, 1 conc, ded logic)
17
Q
Internal Claim
A
Is argument valid
18
Q
External Claim
A
Is what is being said true
19
Q
Sound Argument
A
Internally and externally true
20
Q
Dependent Premise
A
Does not provide good reason by itself but totality of premises do
21
Q
Independent Premise
A
Provides good reason by itself
22
Q
Mutually Exclusive
A
Cannot overlap
23
Q
Jointly Exhaustive
A
Give all possibilities
24
Q
Definition Functions
A
Puts limits on concepts
25
Stipulative
Create new def for something brand new; used in particular situations for specific purpose
26
Lexical
Established dictionary def over time
27
Precising
Make def more precise, more details
28
Persuasive
Move someone emotionally
29
Demonstrative
Define by pointing to something
30
Enumerative
Give examples
31
Operational
Particular procedures
32
Denotation
Pointing/giving examples, describing
33
Connotation
Emotive characteristics
34
Vague
Not enough info, imprecise
35
Ambiguity
Too much info
36
Lexical Ambiguity
Word meaning
37
Syntactic Ambiguity
Word order
38
Contextual Ambiguity
Must know context of situation
39
Equivocal
Two meanings
40
Loyalty
Own community/group beliefs more favorable
41
Provincialism
Narrowing view to identify w/ ideas and interests only of own group
42
Disbelief
Don't believe in something
43
Nonbelief
Haven't thought about topic or indifferent
44
Evaluating Evidence
Reliability, expertise, objectivity, consistency, recency, relevance, access, citation
45
Assuring
Reasons can be produced; strength of own belief; abuse
46
Guarding
Weaken; probability phrase; hedge; disappearing hedge
47
Discounting
Dismissal of argument w/o real reason
48
Rhetorical Question
No formal answer expected
49
Loaded Question
Presume unjustified assumption
50
Irony
Imply contrary to what is said
51
Sarcasm
Critical, ridicule, mockery
52
Satire
Ridicule w/ intent to shame; social criticism
53
Types of Deception
Lies and exaggeration, half-truth, hedge, selective techniques, loaded language, euphemisms/dysphemisms; innuendo; obfuscation, doublespeak, jargon, stereotype
54
Fallacies
Arguments that look convincing but contain error in reasoning; not factual error-structure itself is problem
55
Formal Fallacy
Errors in structure of form of argument
56
Informal Fallacy
Errors in reasoning not related to form
57
Fallacy of Subjectivism
Can't assume something true just because you belief it to be true
58
Appeal to Majority
Most people approve so must be true; argument from tradition, novelty
59
Appeal to Emotion
Sway people by manipulating emotions (argumentum ad populum); no logical argument; special case-pity (ad misericordiam)
60
Appeal to Force
Argument has implied threat (ad baculum)
61
Appeal to Authority
Assuming person telling the truth, may not be credible (ad verecundian)
62
Ad Hominem
Against the person; personal attack (person's background irrelevant)
63
Abusive
Arguments against someone's character or ability
64
Tu quoque
Dismiss someone's argument because of hypocrisy (say one thing, do another)
65
Circumstantial
Arguments against someone on basis of circumstances (job, political affiliation, religion, etc)
66
Poisoning the Well
Unfavorable info about person presented so any claim made by them must be false (preemptive)
67
Straw Man
Distort what person claims, refute, therefore claim false
68
Genetic Fallacy
Claim true/false or supported/discredited on grounds of origin
69
Appeal to Ignorance
Never been proved false, so must be true-incorrect; burden on person making claim (ad ignorantium)
70
Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning
Premise depends on conclusion, conc on prem, etc
71
Negative Pregnant
Two negative choices given (law)
72
Non Sequitor
Linking two or more ideas that in fact have no logical connection
73
Red Herring
Distract/divert: Topic A under discussion, Topic B introduced under guise of being relevant even though it is not, Topic A abandoned
74
Post hoc Fallacy
Assuming A preceded B, A must have caused B
75
Single Cause Fallacy
Assume only one cause when actually more complex
76
Equivocation
Word has more than one meaning, change in middle of argument
77
Amphiboly
Syntactic (word order)
78
Composition
Individual things have certain characteristics, therefore entire group has those characteristics
79
Division
What is true of whole is true of parts
80
Accident
Rule mistakenly applied to exception
81
Phantom Distinction
Different wording to avoid being accused of threatening
82
Self-sealers
So vague can't refute
83
False Dilemma
Either X or Y is true, Y is false so X must be true (could both be false)
84
Fallacy of Opposition
Someone you don't like supports, so oppose position
85
One-way Fallacy
Compare two things where argument could go either way but argue only one way
86
Slippery Slope
Forecasting series of events (usually disastrous) that will befall one if first step is taken
87
Continuum (Sorites)
No certain point where one thing changes to other (Rich, take $1, etc); series of insignificant changes adds up to be significant
88
Snowball (Domino)
A acceptable, cause B1, B2, B3, etc, leads to C (undesirable), so don't do A (good v bad domino arguments)
89
Precedent
Permit something, set precedent, rule weakens (depends on circumstances)
