Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

mcat psych/soc lectures > lecture 7 > Flashcards

lecture 7 Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is reinforcement

A

anything that increases the likelihood of the desired behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is punishment

A

anything that decreases the likelihood of the undesired behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

adds something like affection, food, or

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

takes away something undesirable like stopping the shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

adds something undesirable like pain and discomfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is negative punishment?

A

takes away something desirable like no video games and cell phone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

avoidance behavior usually comes from

A

negative reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the dopamine reward pathway

A

the reward pathway begins in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and connects to the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

primary reinforcers and primary punishment change what

A

the rate of response WITHOUT previous learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

secondary reinforcers and secondary punishment is stimuli that

A

is learned to be rewarding and punishing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a token economy

A

a system of behaviors that are reinforced with tokens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is continuous reinforcement? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?

A

reinforcer given after every single response, the response rate is slow but extinction rate is high. THIS IS BEST WAY TO TEACH NEW BEHAVIOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is fixed ratio? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?

A

reinforcer given after a set of # of responses. response rate: fast extinction rate: medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is variable ratio? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?

A

reinforcer given after a variable # of responses like gambling. response rate: fast and extinction rate is slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is fixed interval? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?

A

reinforcement given after a set amount of time. response rate: medium extinction rate: medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is variable interval? what is the response rate for this? extinction rate?

A

reinforcer given after a variable amount of time. response rate: medium to fast and extinction rate is slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are biological predisposition

A

it is easier to condition an organism to perform a response that is similar to behaviors that are biologically inclined to perform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is instinctive drift?

A

the tendency for certain conditioned behaviors to trigger similar instinctive behaviors. innate behavior can interfere with conditioned behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is observational learning

A

biological processes that affect observational learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are mirror neurons

A

many brain neurons fire in the same pattern when we observe another perform a known action “monkey see monkey do”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are vicarious emotion

A

mirror neurons also appear to be activated when we feel the emotional responses of other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is insight learning?

A

a process in which the solution to a problem suddenly comes to us in what might be described as a flash of flash of insight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is sensation?

A

the encoding of physical energy from the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is perception?

A

the decoding of sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is psychophysics
the study of how physical stimuli are translated into a psychological experience
26
what are types of stimuli? (state the receptors
mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptor, electromag receptor
27
prefrontal cortex has what functions?
verbal and motor and brocas area: speech production
28
parietal lobe has what functions?
sensory, body awareness
29
occipital lobe has what functions?
visual
30
temporal lobe has what functions?
hearing and wernickes area; lang comp, long term memory
31
what is agnosia
inability to process sensory info
32
cerebellum has what functions
balance, motor memory, movement
33
what is kinesthesis
proorioception, allows us to sense the position of out limbs in space
34
what does brain laterization state? what are the sides known for
left brain deals with right and vice versa. Left brain is logic and math while right brain is creative
35
what divides and how do the sides communicate with each other in the brain
corpus callosum
36
what is webers law
the size of the just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the OG stimulus value
37
what is signal detection theory
a method for quantifying a person ability to detect a given stimulus amidst other non important stimuli (noise): hit, miss, false alarm, etc
38
what is ROC curve
tracks hit rate vs false alarm in order to graph the relative accuracy of different criteria
39
what are the four stimulus properties that need to be communicated to CNS? Mnemonic?
MILD: modality (type of stim), intensity, location, and duration
40
what are tonic receptors? phasic?
tonic receptors will fire AP's as long as stimulus is still going on while phasic will fire AP's the first time stimuli is detected
41
what is feature detection theory
explains that certain parts of the brain are activated for specific visual stimuli (visual pathway)
42
what is parallels processing
occurs so that many aspects of a visual stimulus is processes simultaneously rather than step by step
43
what is proximal stimulus? distal?
proximal is what hits our receptors (sound waves) and distal is the object that we are sensing (guitar)
44
what is gestalt psychology
we organize parts into a meaningful pattern for the whole. we see the whole not the parts
45
depth perception helps us to judge
distance between us and objects, ability to see things in 3d even if images are imposed in 2d
46
what is visual accommodation
our eyes reflexively change their optical power to maintain clear focus on an object as it moves towards or away from us
47
what are the two binocular depth cues
1. retinal disparity: the brain compares images presented on retina to see distance. 2. convergence: the extent to which the eyes turn inward when looking at an object
48
what is monocular cues
the depth cues that depend on info that is available to either eye alone
49
what is interposition? relative clarity?
interposition: if an object blocks the view of another, we perceive it as closer relative clarity: we perceive hazy objects farther than clearer things
50
what is texture gradient? relative height?
texture gradient: change from a coarse distinct texture to a fine texture indicates up distance
51
what is relative height? linear perception?
relative height: objects higher in visual field as farther away linear perception: parallel lines appear to converge as distance increase
52
how does light and shadow affect visual perception? what is relative motion?
light and shadow: closer objects reflect more light than distant objects relative motion: as we move, objects appear to move as well
53
what is perceptual constancy? what are the three kinds?
perceptual constancy is when we perceive an object as unchanging even as the illumination, angle, and distance changes. the three are shape, size, and lightness
54
where are rods located? what do they function for
they are located on periphery for our night vision and uses white and black
55
where are cones located? what do they function for
located in fovea and detects color, red, blue, green
56
what is broadbent filter model
when too much info is taken in, some makes it through our filter into our working memory and some decays. this is why we arent overwhelmed by too much stimuli.
57
what is treisman attenuation model? define what makes it different?
same as broadbent filter but accounts for cocktail party effect which is the fact that we filter out info until we hear our name or other important thing is mentioned
58
divide attention is another word for? what is important to note about this?
multitasking. it is easier to multitask doing similar tasks instead of many different taks
59
what are schemas? a script?
schemas: a mental framework that allows us to organize our experiences/stimuli and respond to new experiences. a script: a series of schemas you need to follow to accomplish something complex
60
what is assimilation? accommodation?
assimilation: new instances of similar enough to use existing schema like bike is similar to unicycle accommodation: schema must be changed to accommodate new instance
61
what are the stages of piaget
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operation, and formal operation
62
describe piagets stages and include age: sensorimotor
age 0-2 where child experiences world directly through senses, stranger anxiety occurs
63
describe piagets stages and include age: preoperational
age 2-7 where child can represent things with words and images but uses intuitive reasoning. ego and symbolic thinking occurs here
64
describe piagets stages and include age: concrete operation
age 7-11 where child thinks logically and performs simple mental manipulation. conservation occurs here
65
describe piagets stages and include age: formal operation
ages 12-adult where person can reason abstractly and solve hypothetical problems. they have morals
66
methods of problem solving: define all 3
algorithm: step by step that exerts all options insight: when we think about a problems and a solution comes all at once heuristic: a mental rule of thumb or short cut
67
what is confirmation bias?
we seek evidence to support our own conclusions
68
what is fixation? functional fixedness? mental set? what are these things based on
fixation: we cant see the problem from a new perspective functional fixedness: a mental bias that limits our views mental set: our tendency to approach things a certain way. THESE ALL RELATE TO CONFIRMATION BIAS
69
what is availability heuristic?
this occurs when we rely on examples that immediately come to mind. we overestimate the probability of something happening
70
what is representativeness heuristic
when we estimate the likelihood of an event happening by comparing it to an existing prototype that exists already in our minds
71
what are the 2 kinds of intelligence? define them and who says we have 8 intelligences
fluid intelligence: reason abstractly crystallized intelligence: accumulated knowledge howard garner
72
what is boot strapping? naming explosion?
boot strapping: kids become sensitive to grammatical syntax before they have vocab. naming explosion: big increase in accurate vocab
73
what are common toddler errors
overextension ( call all 4 legged animals dog) or under extension (only my dog is a dog)
74
what is chomskys nativist theory
babies born with the innate ability to learn and use language
75
what does brocas area deal with? damage here causes what?
language production and damage causes nonfluent aphasia
76
what does wernickes area deal with? damage here causes what?
understanding language and damage causes fluent aphasia
77
what is linguistic relativity
different structures and vocab of different languages strongly affect the thinking of those who use that language
78
what is language determinism
language determines thought and emotions and linguistic categories and determine cognitive categories

mcat psych/soc lectures (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions