Lecture 7

Question 1

what are the biological realities and social constructs

Answer 1

biological category of sex and social construction, gender

Question 2

socially constructed ideals of masculinity and femininity

Answer 2

ideas of how man should be and act, ideas of how women should be and act

Question 3

how much are socially constructed ideas affected by biological reality of being man or woman

Answer 3

some people say no connection at all
some say they are completely related
some say everything in between

Question 4

what is there incredible proof for

Answer 4

both sides of argument involving if socially constructed ideals are influenced by biological realities

Question 5

up until 10 years ago what was the view

Answer 5

they were connected

Question 6

when it comes to sport what is the reality in vast majority of sports

Answer 6

designed around men’s bodies
(i.e., football, basketball, wrestling, boxing)
designed for men by men

Question 7

what to sports tend to emphasize

Answer 7

explosive power and muscle mass

Question 8

what directly impacts women’s participation

Answer 8

sports were designed for men’s more muscle mass that gives them more explosive power

Question 9

how much more muscle mass do men have at the same weight as another woman

Answer 9

30%

Question 10

examples of sports that tend to privilege women

Answer 10

gymnastics, dance (lighter, flexible)

Question 11

what kinds of categories do sports go into to make fair

Answer 11

men and women, weight classes, disabled people, age

Question 12

why do we divide sports

Answer 12

based on idea of competitive fairness

Question 13

until 1960s what was there a very sharp division in

Answer 13

private and public spheres

Question 14

2 explanations for separation of spheres

Answer 14

• power relationships (dynamics)
• historical response to biological realities

Question 15

power dynamics

Answer 15

when spheres are separated, serves to oppress women

Question 16

what was a language constructed around

Answer 16

power dynamics and oppressing women

Question 17

what is the constructed language created by

Answer 17

2 categories of male and female
binary opposition (connected but in opposition)

Question 18

binary opposition of men and female

Answer 18

not just opposite
all ideas connected to them are also in opposition

Question 19

examples of language in opposition for men and women

Answer 19

men-strong
female- weak, fragile
men- stoic
female- emotional and cries

Question 20

what does the language in opposition serve to do

Answer 20

oppress women

Question 21

how did the language of opposition play out in sports

Answer 21

way we talk about women in sports
why they weren’t allowed to play for so long

Question 22

what rejects everything about power dynamics and the language

Answer 22

argument of the separation of spheres being logical outcome of biological realities of men and women

Question 23

what are the biological realities that caused the historical response

Answer 23

• women are more valuable then men, can give birth
• can give birth with multiple partners
• more dangerous jobs given to men, they are less valuable
• women stay home where safer

Question 24

what is the historical response of the biological realities not about

Answer 24

language or power
logical evolution and about continuation of society and whats best for society

Question 25

what is one of outgrowths from canadian sport

Answer 25

violence (intended to be violent)

Question 26

why is violence attached to canadian sport

Answer 26

because in public sphere and expected to be masculine

Question 27

what 2 things are strongly linked

Answer 27

masculinity and military

Question 28

what does militarism have a direct link to

Answer 28

sport

Question 29

what did sport serve as an anecdote to

Answer 29

men becoming too weak to fight

Question 30

what we men serving white collared jobs not tough enough to do

Answer 30

fight in next war

Question 31

why was it good that sports were violent and good they hurt

Answer 31

prepare men for war and toughen them up

Question 32

what language is embedded in sport

Answer 32

military language i.e., blitz, football term for attacking all out

Question 33

what was violence firmly tied to

Answer 33

masculine ideas of sport

Question 34

what do courts do for sport sanctioned violence

Answer 34

stay out of it

Question 35

what happens when people break sport rules in a violent way

Answer 35

police don't get involved league gets involved sport lays punishment

Question 36

what can you do in sports arena (violence)

Answer 36

things that would get you arrested if done outside (violence was sanctioned)

Question 37

if players injured deliberately by someone else

Answer 37

only can be punished by league or victim seek compensation from league cannot be charged or sued

Question 38

why can you not charge or sue someone else

Answer 38

you agreed to allow this to happen by participating in sport

Question 39

highest risk of injury of any competitive sport

Answer 39

competitive cheerleading

Question 40

what sports are less violent now

Answer 40

soccer, football, hockey

Question 41

last 30 years what has happened to sport

Answer 41

violence has slowly been taken out of sport

Question 42

what is connected to violence

Answer 42

injury

Question 43

what is the ideals of injury

Answer 43

to show pain is considered unmanly, still exists

Question 44

how do we demonstrate masculinity when injured

Answer 44

ability to endure pain - people celebrate people who can play through injury - continues to present

Question 45

why weren't women supposed to play sport

Answer 45

viewed as fragile and dangerous to health

Question 46

what were the pseudoscientific arguments for why women can't participate in sport

Answer 46

- sweat is bad for women, exercise which generates sweat is bad for them - women only have certain amount of life force, must be concentrated on making babies, when exerting themselves they are diverting life force from children

Question 47

what was idea when women started using bicycles

Answer 47

concern they might enjoy bicycle in sexual way, were considered next to prostitutes

Question 48

what women's clothes limited their physical mobility

Answer 48

- corset - bussell

Question 49

what did women's fashion serve to do

Answer 49

limit their mobility and physical activity

Question 50

what was stereotype of fainting women

Answer 50

not stereotype tended to faint because they couldn't breathe insides not meant to be squeezed

Question 51

what was bussell

Answer 51

cage under dress can only move a little bit

Question 52

what was first sport that women began to do

Answer 52

began to bike and it became for acceptable

Question 53

what was big part of women beginning to bike

Answer 53

safety bike bike we know today

Question 54

what did they use before safety bike

Answer 54

penny farthing first bike giant front wheel and tiny back wheel

Question 55

why was penny farthing dangerous

Answer 55

if bike falls you're falling a far distance

Question 56

where did womens bike clubs form

Answer 56

in and around montreal

Question 57

what did the womens bike clubs do

Answer 57

bike together in groups

Question 58

what was the main socially acceptable venue for women to partake in PA

Answer 58

biking

Question 59

what were majority of women doing at same time of pseudoscience

Answer 59

- were very active - most lived in countryside and helped on farm, lots of hard work on regular basis

Question 60

whose ideals were the idea of not doing any PA

Answer 60

upper class and middle class did not correspond with majority of women (lower class)

Question 61

what does class serve as

Answer 61

a way to separate yourself from someone else

Question 62

beginning in 20th century women

Answer 62

began to take part in sport but in a limited capacity

Question 63

how was female participation limited in a way that male was not

Answer 63

- picked because they looked feminine, had chaperone everywhere they went, had to go to finishing school - dresses

Question 64

what were the limitations to women designed for

Answer 64

preserve their femininity because they were playing something masculine and feared they would become masculine

Question 65

what are examples of gendered sports

Answer 65

ringette and figure skating

Question 66

when sports become gendered as feminine what happens to men who still play sport

Answer 66

they become feminized - assumption that any guy who figure skates is gay

Question 67

what sport is specifically designed for women

Answer 67

ringette

Question 68

why was ringette created

Answer 68

safer - more likely to get hurt by puck - not masculinized by playing male sport

Question 69

why is ringette not popular anymore

Answer 69

womens hockey exploded

Question 70

Ethel Catherwood (the saskatoon lily)

Answer 70

- canadas only olympic women's medalist in track and field - won gold in 1928 in high jump

Question 71

what were women continuosly judged on

Answer 71

not just athletic ability but looks as well

Question 72

Kournikova

Answer 72

- never world champion in tennis - most famous because beatiful

Question 73

what has body image now transferred to

Answer 73

men

Question 74

who has historically had to deal with unrealistic body images

Answer 74

women

Question 75

what did sport often lead to

Answer 75

body that was against traditional beauty model for women

Question 76

traditional image of women

Answer 76

anorexic thin cant do that to play sport have to have energy

Question 77

why were women discouraged to play sports (body image)

Answer 77

because you get muscular and strong

Question 78

what is new unrealistic body image men now have to deal with

Answer 78

0% body fat and six pack

Question 79

what has occurrred now with this ideal body image for men

Answer 79

- huge skyrocketing usage of steroids in high school boys - massive spike in eating disorders

Question 80

Quinn

Answer 80

canadian soccer player nobody cares they dont identify as woman (born female)

Question 81

Lea Thomas

Answer 81

american swimmer more controversial

Question 82

if women transition to man

Answer 82

to compete against men nobody cares

Question 83

what is the question about trans athletes

Answer 83

isnt should they be allowed to compete real debate is a trans born male and transitions to female and competing against females

Question 84

what is the balance between in the debate

Answer 84

balance between accomodation and question of fairness

Question 85

what is the answer to the debate

Answer 85

every different sport grappling with it in different way no uniform answer