Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuropharmacology > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A

dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is one example of a tryptamine?

A

Serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the first step of noradrenline synthesis

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase converts L-tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is tyrosine hydroxylase found?

A
  • NA and DA neurones - adrenal chromaffin cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the second step of noradrenline synthesis?

A

DOPA decarboxylase converts dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the final step of noradrenaline synthesis?

A

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase converts dopamine to noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is dopamine-β-hydroxylase found?

A

NA vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase?

A
  • converts noradrenaline to adrenaline in adrenal chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What drug inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase and what does this inhibit?

A
  • 𝛼-methylparatyrosine - inhibits DOPA production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What drug inhibits DOPA decarboxylase and what does this inhibit?

A
  • carbidopa and benserazide - inhibits dopamine production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What drug inhibits dopamine-β-hydroxylase and what does this inhibit?

A
  • disulfarim (antabuse) - inhibits noradrenaline production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name examples of drugs inhibiting storage of noradrenaline

A
  • Reserpine - 𝛼-methyl DOPA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does reserpine work?

A

1) inhibits NA uptake 2) depletes monoamines 3) decrease in sympathetic function - damages vesicles - decreases HR and BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are side effects of reserpine?

A
  • postural hypotension - hypothermia - sedation - depression (suicidal at high doses)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does 𝛼-methyl DOPA work?

A

1) coverted to 𝛼-methyl NA 2) replaces/displaces NA 3) released instead of NA - less potent at 𝛼1 and activates 𝛼2= less NA release - decreases HR and BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does 𝛼-methyl DOPA treat?

A

Hypertension e.g. in pregancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of 𝛼2 adrenoceptors in noradrenaline release?

A

Presynaptic inhibitory autoreceptors= inhibit Ca2+ release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name a drug that inhibits noradrenaline release

A

Clonidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does clonidine work?

A
  • 𝛼2 agonist - decreases NA release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is clonidine used to clinically treat?

A
  • hypertension - migraines - Tourette’s - menopausal flushing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two uptake mechanisms of noradrenaline?

A
  • norepinephrine transporter (NET) - extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the enzymes involved in noradrenaline/monoamine metabolism?

A
  • monoamine oxidase (MAO) - catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) - aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are MAO inhibitors used for?

A

Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are COMT inhibitors used for?

A

Parkinson’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the subtypes of 𝛼 adrenoceptors?
𝛼1, 𝛼2
26
What are the subtypes of β adrenoceptors?
β1, β2, β3
27
Which is more effective at 𝛼 adrenoceptors- noradrenaline or isoprenaline?
Noradrenaline
28
Which is more effective at β adrenoceptors- noradrenaline or isoprenaline?
Isoprenaline
29
What is the physiological response of 𝛼1 activation?
Contraction
30
Where is the 𝛼1 receptor expressed?
Vascular and vas deferens smooth muscle
31
What is the physiological response of 𝛼2 activation?
Decreased noradrenaline release
32
Where is the 𝛼2 receptor expressed?
Adrenergic nerve terminals
33
What is the physiological response of β1 activation?
Increased heart rate and force of contraction
34
Where is the β1 receptor expressed?
Cardiac muscle
35
What is the physiological response of β2 activation?
Dilation and relaxtion
36
Where is the β2 receptor expressed?
- cardiac blood vessels - skeletal muscle blood vessels - bronchial smooth muscle
37
What is the physiological response of β3 receptor activation?
Lipolysis
38
Where is the β3 receptor expressed?
Adipose tissue
39
What G protein subtype does 𝛼1 receptors bind to?
G𝛼q
40
What is the physiological response of G𝛼q activation?
Contraction of vascular smooth muscle
41
What are the second messengers of G𝛼q?
- protein kinase C (PKC) - Ca2+
42
What G protein subtype does 𝛼2 receptors bind to?
G𝛼i
43
What is the physiological response of G𝛼i activation?
Decreased insulin and noradrenaline release
44
What are the second messengers of G𝛼i?
- (Reduced activity of) cAMP and PKA - Gβ𝛾 inhibits voltage gated Ca2+ channels
45
What G protein subtype does β1, 2 and 3 receptors bind to?
G𝛼s
46
What is the physiological response of G𝛼s activation?
- increased cardiac output - dilation/relaxation - lipolysis
47
What are the second messengers of G𝛼s?
(Increased activity of) cAMP and PKA
48
What are the mechanisms of G𝛼q activation?
1) stimulates phospholipase C β (PLCβ) 2) breaks down PIP2 to diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP3 - DAG activates PKC - IP3 causes influx of Ca2+
49
What are the mechanisms of G𝛼i activation?
1) inhibits adenylate cyclase (AC) 2) reduction in cAMP, PKA activation and Ca2+ activity 3) Gβ𝛾 activates K+ channels leading to an efflux from the cell- hyperpolarisation and reduced excitability
50
What are the mechanisms of G𝛼s activation?
1) stimulates adenylate cyclase 2) increased cAMP and activation of PKA
51
List examples of directly-acting noradrenergic agonists
- noradrenaline - adrenaline - salbutamol
52
What is the physiological response of noradrenaline
Increased BP due to 𝛼1 vasoconstriction
53
What is noradrenaline used to treat clinically?
- shock - cardiac arrest
54
What is the physiological response of adrenaline?
- increased heart rate - increased force of contraction - bronchodilation
55
What are the clinical uses of adrenaline?
- treat cardiac arrest - treat anaphylactic shock - local anaesthetics
56
What is the physiological response of salbutamol?
Smooth muscle relaxation e.g. bronchodilation
57
What is salbutamol used to treat clincially?
- asthma - inhibition of premature labour
58
Name an example of an indirectly-acting noradrenergic agonist
Tyramine
59
How does tyramine work?
- stimulates NA release - competes with NA for NET - displaces NA from vesicle
60
What is the cheese reaction?
- Tyramine (cheese) - normally metabolised by MAO - With MAOIs amine levels increase - act as indirect sympathomimetics - provoke hypertensive crisis
61
List examples of alpha adrenoceptor antagonists
- prazosin - lebatolol
62
What is the physiological respojnse of prazosin and labetolol?
Decreased blood pressure due to 𝛼1 block
63
How does prazosin work?
- treats hypertension - few side effects - no reflex increase HR
64
How does labetolol block a reflex heart rate increase?
Blocks β1 receptors
65
List examples of β adrenoceptor antagonists
- propranolol - atenolol
66
List an example of a β adrenoceptor partial agonist
Pindolol
67
Is propranolol β selective or non-selective?
Non-selective
68
Is atenolol β selective or non-selective?
β1 cardioselective
69
What is the physiological response of propranolol?
- decreased HR, BP and cardiac output
70
What are the side effects of propranolol?
- bronchoconstriction (β2) - sleep disturbance - hypoglycaemia - cardiac failure - cold extremities
71
What is propranolol used for?
- angina - dysrhythmias
72
What is the physiological response of atenolol?
Decreased HR, BP and cardiac output via β1 block
73
What is atenolol used for?
Hypertension
74
What is the physiological response of pindolol?
- partial agonists - don't give max response - inhibit action of full agonists
75
What is pindolol used for?
hypertension

Neuropharmacology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions