Lecture 7

Question 1

What are fatty acids taken up by?

Answer 1

The heart and muscles

Question 2

What is the consequence on the tissue of high levels of mitochondria?

Answer 2

It will become brown tissue

Question 3

What is the function of white adipose tissue?

Answer 3

It takes up fatty acids and turns them back into triglycerides by using glucose as its backbone

Question 4

Where can brown adipose be found?

Answer 4

In newborns

Question 5

What is the function of brown adipose tissue?

Answer 5

It releases energy from triglycerides in the form of heat

Question 6

What is cholesterol used for?

Answer 6

It is a component of the cell membrane, a precursor of bile acids and a precursor of vitamin D and steroid hormones

Question 7

What are cholesterolesters needed for?

Answer 7

They are needed for hormones eg androgens, estrogens and mineralo-/glucocorticoids

Question 8

Where can androgens, estrogens and mineralo-/glucocorticoids be found?

Answer 8

Androgens = testes
Estrogens = ovaries
Mineralo-/glucocorticoids = adrenals

Question 9

What is the function of phospholipids with regard to cholesterol?

Answer 9

They form a shell around it

Question 10

What is ApoB100?

Answer 10

Either VLDL or LDL.

Question 11

What does ApoB100 mean?

Answer 11

That it contains 100% of the ApoB protein

Question 12

What is ApoB48?

Answer 12

Chylomicron (the biggest molecule)

Question 13

What is ApoA I/ ApoA II?

Answer 13

HDL (the smallest molecule)

Question 14

Which two Apo molecules are cholesterolester rich?

Answer 14

HDL and LDL

Question 15

How are triglycerides broken down?

Answer 15

First a gastric lipase removes 1 fatty acid, then pancreatic lipase removes another fatty acid

Question 16

What organelle makes ApoB48?

Answer 16

RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Question 17

How is cholesterol in ApoB48 transported from inside the cell to outside the cell?

Answer 17

First cholesterol is taken up by the transporter protein NPCIL1, which connects to ApoB48 leading to a pro-chylomicron. This is then transported to the blood via the lymphatics

Question 18

Where can the enzyme lipoprotein lipase be found?

Answer 18

On tissues

Question 19

What is the function of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase?

Answer 19

It liberates 3 fatty acids

Question 20

Where are the fatty acids mainly stored?

Answer 20

In the adipose tissue

Question 21

What is the function of ApoC2?

Answer 21

To activate lipoprotein ligase (LPL)

Question 22

What is the function of ApoA5?

Answer 22

It stimulates LPL

Question 23

What is the function of ApoC1, ApoC2, AngpH3 and AngpH4?

Answer 23

It inhibits LPL

Question 24

What does LPL do to the lipoprotein?

Answer 24

It lowers its size, decreases the triglyceride content and acquires ApoE

Question 25

Why is the shrinkage of chylomicrons so important?

Answer 25

Otherwise they cannot pass the fenestrated endothelium of the liver and can thus not be taken up

Question 26

What is the exogenous pathway?

Answer 26

LDLr recognises ApoE

Question 27

How can the liver synthesize cholesterol?

Answer 27

MTP lipidates produce it via glucose, which is then secreted as VLDL

Question 28

What is VLDL important for?

Answer 28

For energy delivery and it can be completely lipolised

Question 29

What is the endogenous pathway of lipid metabolism?

Answer 29

The VLDL created by the liver only contains lipase, then you get LDL, which is recognised by LDLr, which has a high expression on the testes, ovaries and adrenals

Question 30

What does high LDL induce?

Answer 30

Atherosclerosis

Question 31

What happens when LDL enters the arterial wall?

Answer 31

It attract monocytes and forms a plaque

Question 32

What is atheroma?

Answer 32

Its another word for an atherosclerotic plaque

Question 33

What is the function of ABCA1 transporter?

Answer 33

It takes op HDL into astrocytes and pedocytes

Question 34

What is the reverse cholesterol transport?

Answer 34

HDL cholesterol is estrofied by lacitin cholesterol transfiel (LCAT), which interacts with SR-B1 to be taken up by the liver and excreted via the feces

Question 35

How can HDL block the monocyte influx caused by LDL?

Answer 35

It prevents LDL oxidation in the intima and has anti-inflammatory properties

Question 36

Does an increase in HDL lower the CVD risk?

Answer 36

Not, it does not

Question 37

What is the function of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP)?

Answer 37

It can change HDL to VLDL by adding cholesterol ester. It can also change VLDL to HDL by adding transglycerides

Question 38

What is the main drug target?

Answer 38

CETP inhibition

Question 39

When are statins prescribed?

Answer 39

When cholesterol is too high

Question 40

How do statins work?

Answer 40

They inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, leading to less cholesterol formation, low VLDL and higher LDLr expression to clear VLDL and LDL

Question 41

With which percentage do statins lower LDL circulation?

Answer 41

30-40%

Question 42

With which percentage do statins lower CVD?

Answer 42

25%

Question 43

What can be a adverse event of using statins?

Answer 43

In some people it will accumulate in the muscle, making them tired

Question 44

What is the function of bile salt sequestrants?

Answer 44

Lower NPCILI, thus inhibiting cholesterol absorption and stimulate getting rid of cholesterol in bile salts

Question 45

What is the function of PCSK9?

Answer 45

It degrades LDLr

Question 46

What happens if the activity of PCSK9 is lowered?

Answer 46

There will be more LDL uptake

Question 47

What is the use of activating brown adipose tissue?

Answer 47

So it takes up more LDL and has a higher transport of cholesterol via the feces