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Flashcards in lecture 7 Deck (18)
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1
Q

Why can’t David see properly?

A
  • David, 67 year old retired journalist.
  • driving a few days ago, when he noticed a translucent white curtain obscuring the upper part of his vision
  • he felt his motor perception was off
  • when he bumped into an old friend in the street, the friend started walking next to him but looked unfamiliar, only recognised the person when he spoke
  • couldn’t recognise his wife or family until they spoke
  • couldn’t recognise a picture of the prime minister
2
Q

What are ganglion cells?

A

Output neurons of the retina

  • M (parasol) ganglion cells
    • magnocellular = large
    • large receptive fields;
    • motion detection, flicker and analysis of gross features
    • not very good at fine detail
  • P (midget) ganglion cells
    • parvocellular = small
    • more numerous
    • visual acuity and colour vision
    • about 80% of ganglia in the retina

Output targets of ganglion cells

  • many brain regions
  • majority target the lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
3
Q

What is the visual pathway?

A
  • retina
  • optic nerve
  • LGN
  • Optic radiations
  • visual cortex
4
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A
  • the fibres from right and left optic nerves combine to form the Optic chiasm
  • lies at the base of the brain, anterior to the pituitary
  • nasal fibres cross at the optic chiasm
  • right visual hemifield as “viewed” by the left hemisphere
  • left visual hemifield is “viewed” by the right hemisphere
  • partial decussation of the visual pathway
5
Q

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A
  • functional streams of information passed to LGN
  • six layers (numbered 1-6)
  • contain 2 types of cells
    • magnocellular layers = layers 1, 2: receive input from M (parasol) ganglion cells
    • parvocellular layers = layers 3 - 6: receive input from P (midget) ganglion cells
  • roughly alternating which eye to which layer = i.e. each layer only receives info from one eye
6
Q

What are optic radiations?

A
  • axon tracts going from LGN to visual cortex
  • very expensive white matter tracts
  • wrap around ventricles
7
Q

What happens in the primary visual cortex?

A
  • LGN neurons project to the primary visual cortex
    • area 17
    • occipital lobe around the calcarine fissure
    • located right at the back of the brain
  • each half of the visual field is represented on the contralateral visual cortex
  • retinotopic organisation:
    • neighbouring cells within the retina project to neighbouring cells in the LGN and Vis cortex
  • central vision is interpreted by the part of the brain at the very very back
  • as you go along the calcarine fissure towards the front of the head, those are the parts that are interpreting more peripheral fields of vision
8
Q

Where is the input to the primary visual cortex?

A
  • like all parts of the cortex (a half centimetre surface of the brain), the primary visual cortex has six layers, histologically speaking
  • the most important layer in the sensory cortices is layer 4
  • in particular layer 4C
  • throughout the entire sensory cortices layer 4C is the input layer from the thalamus
  • the primary visual cortex therefore gets it information from the LGN in layer 4C
9
Q

What do cortical neurons best respond to? How does this demonstrate their function?

A
  • orientation selectivity: neurons respond best to bars moving in a particular orientation
  • through the layers of neurons they have overlapping receptor fields
  • they are all encoding for the same place in your retina
  • each of these neurons (in a vertical line) respond to bars of the same orientation

basically:
- the primary visual cortex is made up in a very ordered way
- you have layers of neurons that all respond in the same way - different slabs respond in different ways
- part of this idea that you are breaking down an image and your brain has to slowly put it back together

10
Q

What are ocular dominance columns?

A
  • Input from the LGN is segregated into small regions of the primary visual cortex - called an ocular dominance column
  • information input is roughly right, left, right, left etc in 4C
11
Q

When do we get mixing of information from each eye?

A
  • segregation of information from different types of LGN cells
  • M type GC/LGN input to layer 4C-alpha
  • P type GC/LGN input to layer 4C-beta
  • mixing of information from each eyes occurs in IVB and Layer III
  • processing of information occurs AFTER the primary visual cortex
12
Q

What was the problem with the german woman, (desola?)?

A
  • 43 yo woman presents because she is having difficulty crossing the road – cars appear out of “nowhere”
  • pouring coffee is very difficult – appears frozen until cup overflows
  • visual acuity and colour vision normal
  • visual fields: normal
13
Q

What are the two large cortical streams of visual processing?

A
  • a dorsal pathway (where?)

- a vental pathway (what?)

14
Q

what is area MT?

A
  • in the dorsal stream
  • Area MT: middle temporal lobe is an area specialised for processing object motion
  • receives retinotopic information from a number of cortical areas including V2 and V3
  • receives input from cells in layer IVB of the primary visual cortex (i.e. M-type GCs/LGN)
15
Q

How does ‘comparison’ affect what we see?

A
  • the ganglion cells (in particular P cells) detect comparisons in colour - not do I detect a colour, but what is the colour in the context of its surroundings important comparisons are red vs green and blue vs yellow
16
Q

What is the ventral stream?

A
  • V1, V2, V4
  • Area V4/IT
    • receives input from the blob and interblob regions of the primary visual cortex via V2
    • neurons in V4 have large receptive fields that are both orientation selective and colour selective
    • important for perception of shape and colour
17
Q

What is Area IT?

A
  • inferior temporal
  • a major output area of V4
  • neurons respond to a wide variety of abstract shapes and colours
  • important for visual memory and perception
  • important for perception of faces
  • you get an additive effect as you go up the visual pathway beyond the primary cortex
  • object recognition
18
Q

So what was wrong with david?

A
  • lesion affecting the fusiform gyrus (area IT)
  • also caused a visual field defect
    • had to be from the chiasm back because it was the same side of each eye that had the vision problem