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Biol 430 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Inorganic metabolism is used for what type of bacteria?

A

Chemolithoautotroph

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2
Q

Assimilatory inorganic metabolism

A

Reduction of inorganic compounds and their incorporation into organic compounds

Ex Nitrogen fixation

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3
Q

Inorganic molecule derivatives are used in metabolic ways related to?

A

Energy metabolism and biosynthesis

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4
Q

Dissimilatory pathways

A

Inorganic compounds are used instead of oxygen as electron acceptor: anaerobic respiration

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5
Q

In dissimilatory pathways what happens to reduced products?

A

Reduced products are excreted into the environment

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6
Q

Oxidative pathways

A

Inorganic compounds such as H2,NH3,So,H2S, and Fe2+ are oxidized as a source of electrons and energy: chemolithotrophs

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7
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A

Prokaryotes that derive energy and electrons from oxidation of inorganic compounds

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8
Q

What do most chemolithotrophs and chemoautotrophs use as a carbon source?

A

CO2

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9
Q

Many lithotrophs are ____ some are _____ and few are_______

A

Aerobic, facultative anaerobes, obligate anaerobes

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10
Q

Chemolithotrophs need ATP and NADH for

A

Carbon Metabolism and biosynthesis

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11
Q

Some electron donors have redox potential higher than NAD+ or NADH True or False

A

True

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12
Q

In reverse electron transport electrons are transfers UQ and cytochromes. True or False

A

True

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13
Q

Some of the electrons used to reducing O2 generate what?

A

Proton motive force

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14
Q

Which electron transport is generates more energy forward or reverse?

A

Reverse electron transport chain generates 5X more energy

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15
Q

In electron transport what type of energy is available

A

Proton motive force

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16
Q

Which type of compound is more efficient organic or inorganic?

A

Organic compounds are more efficient.

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17
Q

Ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria

A

Bacteria that use ammonia as a source of energy.

They oxidize ammonia to nitrite.

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18
Q

What are the the two types of nitrifying bacteria

A

Those that;

Convert ammonia to nitrite

And

Convert nitrite to nitrate

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19
Q

Ammonia oxidation: nitrosomonas

A

Bacteria oxidizing ammonia to nitrite

20
Q

Step 1 in ammonia oxidation in nitrosomonas

A

Ammonia (NH3) is oxidized to Hydroxylamine (NH2OHO) by ammonia monooxygenase (AMO)

21
Q

Step 1 in ammonia oxidation in nitrosomonas explained in two steps?

A

Reaction 1
(NH3) is oxidized to (NH2OH) hydroxylamine by AMO

Consuming two electrons available from the oxidation of hydroxylamine through a membrane bound cytochrome C

Redox potential of NH2OH/NH3+ (+.899V) is higher than 1/2O2/H20

22
Q

When NH2OH is oxidized by HAO (Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase) what is released?

A

Four electrons

23
Q

In ammonia oxidation in nitrosomonas when hydroxylamine oxidize by HAO four electron are released what are the uses of these electrons?

A
  1. Two electron are routed back to AMO used for oxidation of ammonia
  2. Rest is used to generate PMF through Cyt oxidase and also reduce NAD+ through electron transport to NADH
24
Q

Name one genera of nitrate oxidation

A

Nitrobacter

25
Q

Nitrobacter is what type of autotroph

A

Falcutative

26
Q

How does electrons travel in nitrite oxidizer?

Step 1

A

Electron transport scheme is not fully elucidated

But

Electrons travel from nitrite to oxygen via periplasmic Cyt C

+420mV to +270mV

27
Q

What is the energy provided to drive electrons nitrite oxidation?

A

PMF provides energy to drive electrons

28
Q

From Cyt C the electrons flow in two ways what are they?

How are they powered?

A
  1. Electrons flow from Cyt c back across the membrane through cytaa3 oxidase
    Power: membrane potential is created by outward pumping of proton by Cytaa3.
  2. Electrons are reversed from Cytc to NAD+ through two coupling sites
    Power: reversed electron flow to NAD+ coupled to influx of protons (PMF)
29
Q

What are the CO2 fixation systems?

A

Calvin cycle
Reductive TCA cycle
Acetyl-CoA pathway

30
Q

Aerobic chemolithotrophs and photolithotrophs commonly fix CO2 by Calvin cycle but they can also do this by what other cycle?

A

Reductive TCA cycle

31
Q

The Calvin cycle is most common CO2 pathway fixation pathway in…

A

Aerobic Chemolithotrophs and photolithotrophs

32
Q

Explain the two stages of Calvin cycle

A
  1. Reductive carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate to produce two molecules molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, who’s is reduced to PGALD
  2. sugar rearrangements regenerating RuBP by using some PGALD produced in stage 1
33
Q

CO2 is condensed to ribulose -1,5-biphosphate produce_____ and then that gets reduced ______

A

Two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate

Two molecules of PGALD

34
Q

Two PGALD are made in Calvin cycle how are they used?

A
  1. One PGALD is isomerized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  2. The other PGALD is condensed with dihydroxyactone phosphate to form fructose-1,6-diphosphate through reverse reaction of the EMP pathway
35
Q

Through carbon rearrangement how many F6P molecules and PGALD are needed to make 2 ribulose 5 phosphate

A

2 F6P
6 PGALD

Ribulose 5 phosphate

36
Q

What is the enzyme use to go form ribulose-5- phosphate to ribulose-1,5-biphosphate? What are the effectors of the enzyme

A

Enzyme: phosphoribulokinase

NADH (+) Activates

AMP, PEP (-) inhibits

37
Q

What’s are the key enzymes of the Calvin cycle ?

A

Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase

Phosphoribulokinase

38
Q

In Reductive TCA citrate synthase gets replaced with what enzyme?

A

Citrate lease

39
Q

In reductive TCA succinate dehydrogenase is replaced with

A

Fumarate reductase

40
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehyhdrodgenase is replaces by

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate synthase

41
Q

Pyruvate dehydrodenase is replaced with

A

Pyruvate synthase

42
Q

Pyruvate kinase is replaced with

A

Pep synthetase

43
Q

Ammonia produced via nitrogen fixation is incorporated into cell material via?

A

Glutamine and glutamate synthase

44
Q

The nitrogen molecule is very _____. To reduce nitrogen what is the industry pressure and temperature.

A

Stable

200 atm

800 C

45
Q

Nitrogen fixation takes place when?

A

N2 is the only major source of nitrogen

46
Q

The genes of nitrogen fixation are repressed by?

A

Exogenously supplied sources of nitrogen

Biol 430 (8 decks)

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