Lecture 7 and 8

Question 1

blood brain barrier

Answer 1

a physical barrier between capillaries and extracellular brain fluid that is formed by endothelial cells. Allows oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and lipid soluble molecules to pass

Question 2

curare

Answer 2

big molecule that is an Ach-R antagonist, can’t get into blood brain barrier so acts on nerves, muscles, and causes paralysis

Question 3

effects on transmitter production

Answer 3

inhibition of transmitter synthesis
blockade of axonal transport
interference with storage of transmitters

Question 4

effects on transmitter release

Answer 4

prevention of synaptic transmission
alteration of synaptic transmitter release
alteration of transmitter release through modulation of presynaptic activity

Question 5

effects on transmitter clearance

Answer 5

inactivity of transmitter reuptake

blockade of transmitter degradation

Question 6

effects on transmitter receptor

Answer 6

blockade of receptors

activation of receptors

Question 7

effects on cellular processes

Answer 7

regulation of the number of post synaptic receptors

modulation of intracellular signals

Question 8

DREADDs

Answer 8

designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs

Question 9

antidepressant examples

Answer 9

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

buropion

Question 10

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

and why is it seldom used

Answer 10

MAOs breakdown monoamines (DA, NE, serotonin) so MAOIs increase monoamine activity at synapse
effective but seldom used because fatal increase in blood pressure can occur if people eat food with tyramine like cheese or alcohol

Question 11

buropion (wellbutrin)

Answer 11

thought to increase the activity of serotonin, DA, and NE (reuptake inhibitor) alleviation of depression takes a couple of weeks.

Question 12

what does delayed action of helping depression suggest

Answer 12

depression is not a simple matter of too little or too much serotonin, have affects on mood too

Question 13

antipsychotics first gen

Answer 13

D2-R antagonists, relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia (hallucinations, delusions, rapid speech)

Question 14

atypical antipsychotics

Answer 14

more specific antagonists of D2-R and serotonin receptor

early evidence of negative schizophrenia relief

Question 15

anxiolytics examples and act primarily by…

Answer 15

effective drugs are alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, benzodiazepine agonists
drug actions primarily by increasing neural inhibition via enhancing actions of GABA neurotransmitter

Question 16

opiates examples and effects

Answer 16

morphine, cocaine, heroine

analgesics, sleep inducing, high abuse potential

Question 17

pain control gate theory

Answer 17

pain signals are sent to the periaqueductalgrey (PAG)
descending information from the brain can gate incoming pain signals in the spinal cord
electrical stimulation of periaqueductalgrey produces analgesia

Question 18

enkephalins and endorphins are

Answer 18

endogenous substances that are anagesic and addictive

Question 19

opiate tolerance

Answer 19

opiate receptors become less sensitive

Question 20

the DA reward hypothesis

Answer 20

anything that causes the release of DA especially in nucleus accumbens produces a pleasurable sensation

Question 21

evidence of DA reward hypothesis

Answer 21

intracranial self stimulation
drug self administration
drugs of abuse

Question 22

how do opioids activate DA pathway

Answer 22

GABA neurons typically inhibit DA neurons in VTA, Mu opioid receptors (MOR) on GABA neurons are inhibitory,
activation of MOR inhibits GABA, which causes a disinhibition of DA
therefore endorphins of opioids activate DA reward pathway
(sexual activity activates MOR)

Question 23

stimulants examples are

Answer 23

nicotine, alcohol, cocaine

Question 24

nicotine acts on what receptors

Answer 24

nicotinic ach receptors

Question 25

cocaine symptoms ( HEWPMA) and blocks what

Answer 25

alleviates hunger, increased endurance, promotes well being, cause psychosis, mood disturbances, and frontal atrophy blocks monoamine reuptake like DA

Question 26

alcohol is it a stimulant or a depressant and what can it result in

Answer 26

first stimulant, then depressant low doses stimulates DA, high doses GABA chronic alcoholism can result in cell loss in frontal and hippocampus

Question 27

hallucinogens examples and what does it cause

Answer 27

LSD, Ketamine, MDMA/ecstacy prolonged uses of these can result in down regulation. of the receptors that they stimulate, results in withdrawal if person stops taking drug

Question 28

LSD

Answer 28

normal perception is altered, fantastical colors or unusual interpretation of sensory experience, acts as an agonist for some serotonin receptors

Question 29

ketamine at low vs high doses | blocks what receptors

Answer 29

at low doses a dissociative drug and antidepressant at high doses hallucinogen and psychosis blocks NDMA receptors

Question 30

MDMA effects, short term, long term, and alters what NTs release

Answer 30

Normal perception is altered, positive emotions, empathy, euphoria increases serotonin release and stimulates serotonin receptors alters release of DA, prolactin, and oxytocin short term helpful for PTSD long term or high doses, damage CNS

Question 31

naxolone

Answer 31

naxolone is an opiate receptor antagonist which can be used to treat overdoses, creates withdrawal symptoms immediately