Lecture 9

Question 1

hypothalamus

Answer 1

control of hormone secretion

Question 2

pineal gland

Answer 2

reproductive maturation, body rhythms

Question 3

anterior pituitary

Answer 3

hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads, growth

Question 4

posterior pituitary

Answer 4

water balance, salt balance

Question 5

thyroid

Answer 5

growth and development, metabolic rate

Question 6

adrenal cortex

Answer 6

salt and carb metabolism, inflammatory reactions

Question 7

adrenal medulla

Answer 7

emotional arousal

Question 8

pancreas

Answer 8

sugar metabolism

Question 9

gut

Answer 9

digestion and appetite control

Question 10

gonads

Answer 10

body development, maintenance of reproductive organs in adults

Question 11

Berthold’s classical experiment with roosters

Answer 11

group 1: left undisturbed
group 2: testes removed
group 3: testes removed and replaced in abdomen
group 1 formed large comb/wattles, mounted hens, was aggressive, and had normal crowning
group 2 formed small comb/wattles, didn’t mount hens, wasn’t aggressive, and had weak crowning
group 3 formed large comb/wattles, mounted hens, was aggressive, and had normal crowning
conclusion: testes release a chemical signal (hormone) that has widespread effects

Question 12

canary example

Answer 12

gave female canaries testosterone, after one week started to sing, but stopped when weren’t given anymore testosterone

Question 13

autocrine

Answer 13

affects self

Question 14

paracrine

Answer 14

local diffusion

Question 15

pheromone function

Answer 15

same species

Question 16

allomone function

Answer 16

other species

Question 17

neuroendocrine cell actions

Answer 17

blend neuronal and endocrine signal mechanisms
neuron acting on another neuron, in second neuron action potential causes a hormone to be released into blood stream to affect target cells

Question 18

general principle of hormone systems

Answer 18

pulsatile (burst) secretion
hormonal effects depends on target system having receptors
some hormones affect more than one target
some targets are affected by more than one hormone

Question 19

Neuronal vs hormonal communication

Answer 19

neuronal com:
directed, restricted to specific targets (telephone)
fast (milliseconds)
APs, all or none 
hormonal com:
widespread can affect many targets (TV)
slow (seconds or minutes or longer)
hormonal signals graded

Question 20

how are hormones classified:

protein, amine, and steriod

Answer 20

classified by chemical structure
protein- amino acid chain
amine- single amino acid
steroid- carbon rings

Question 21

protein hormone action

Answer 21

need a channel

rapid, short lived (min-hours)

Question 22

steroid hormone action

Answer 22

always to go through membrane 
long lasting (hours days)

Question 23

autocrine feedback loop

Answer 23

endocrine cells to target cells back to negative feedback

Question 24

target cell feedback

Answer 24

endocrine cells to target cells to biological response then negative feedback

Question 25

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Answer 25

1- neuroendocrine cell bodies in the hypothalamus produce oxytocin or vasopressin 2- axons from these neurons pass through the pituitary stalk 3- terminate on the capillaries of the posterior pituitary when the action potential arrives at terminal, oxytocin and vasopressin is released from the terminal directly into the blood stream

Question 26

the milk let down reflex

Answer 26

1- stimulation of the mother's nipple by the infant's suckling response produces brain activity in the mother 2- the brain activity stimulates hypothalamic cells to release oxytocin from the posterior pituitary 3- the baby rewarded with milk continues suckling until satiated 4- the oxytocin causes the cells of the mammary glands to contract, thereby releasing milk in a nursing women, hearing a baby cry can induce the reflex

Question 27

tropic hormones

Answer 27

``` prolactin gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) thyroid stimulating hormone ACTH growth hormone ```

Question 28

anterior pituitary (adenohypophesis)

Answer 28

1- neuroendocrine cell bodies in the hypothalamus produce releasing hormones 2- which are released from axons that terminate on the portal system. The hormones travel via the portal veins to the anterior pituitary 3- the anterior pituitary respond to the hypothalamic releasing hormones by increasing or decreasing the secretion of their own tropic hormones 4- tropic hormones travel through the blood stream and regulate endocrine glands throughout the body

Question 29

what are the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla controlled by

Answer 29

adrenal cortex by hormones | adrenal medulla controlled by nerves

Question 30

oxytocin and vasopressin with social attachment

Answer 30

oxytocin and vasopressin are involved in parental care, grooming, sexual behavior, and pair bonding

Question 31

prairie vole vs montane vole

Answer 31

prairie vole monogamous, more receptors for vasopressin | montane vole polygamous, less receptors

Question 32

what happens when a male sees a female

Answer 32

male sees female, light goes into eye through retina, into brain, interpreted, stimulates hypothalamus to produce GnRH, causes pituitary to release FSH and LH, goes to testes, releases testosterone, goes back to brain to stimulate reproductive behavior (bowing and cooing)

Question 33

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are large molecules are cannot go into the brain due to blood brain barrier but brain parts including amygdala are still affected, how do they do it?

Answer 33

they act directly on the NE receptors on the inner walls of blood vessels, which are endings of the vagus nerve, that takes the info into the brain