Lecture 7: Arthrology 2

Question 1

Synovial Joints

Answer 1

Diarthroses,
Freely Movable Joints,
At ends of the long bones,
Have articular capsules,
Lined with synovial membrane

Question 2

Articular Capsules

Answer 2

Dense irregular connective tissue proper,

Surrounds synovial joint

Question 3

Structure of Articular Capsules

Answer 3

Outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue,

Inner layer of synovial membrane

Question 4

Synovial Membrane

Answer 4

Loose connective tissue (outer layer) and a layer of secretory epithelial cells (inner layer),
Epithelial cells and fibroblasts secrete synovial fluid

Question 5

Synovial Fluid

Answer 5

Decrease friction,
Lubrication,
Nutrient distribution,
Shock absorption to prevent bones from coming together and compressing,
Contains slippery molecules

Question 6

Articular Cartilages

Answer 6

Cover articulating surfaces,
Hyaline cartilage,
Prevent bones from touching,
Smooth surface

Question 7

Cartilages as Accessory Structure

Answer 7

Cushion the joint,

Contain meniscus

Question 8

Menisci of Knee

Answer 8

Fibrous cartilage pad,
Provides stability,
Lateral/medial side,
Articular disc

Question 9

Fat Pads of Knee

Answer 9

Superficial to join capsule,
Protect articular cartilages,
Cushions knee joint

Question 10

Ligaments

Answer 10

Support/strengthen joints,
Connect bone to bone,
Dense regular connective tissue proper

Question 11

Tendons

Answer 11

Attach to muscles around joint,
Help support joint,
Move joint,
Dense regular connective tissue proper

Question 12

Bursae

Answer 12

Pockets of synovial fluid ‘pillows’,
Cushion areas where tendons/ligaments rub,
Located in regions of high friction,
Layer of synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid,
Where the tendons and ligaments are

Question 13

Dislocation

Answer 13

Luxation,
Forced out of position,
2 Joints out of line with each other,
Articulating surfaces forced out of position,
Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsules

Question 14

Sublaxation

Answer 14

Partial dislocation,

Joints somewhat in contact

Question 15

Sprain

Answer 15

Causes less stability,
Injury to a ligament, causes permanent elongation,
Tearing of collagen fibers,
Plastic deformation

Question 16

Plastic Deformation

Answer 16

Stretching beyond capabilities without snapping back

Question 17

Strain

Answer 17

Injury to a tendon and/or muscle,
Tearing of collagen fibers,
Partial tear vs complete tear,
Muscle/tendon pulls off bone and may need surgery

Question 18

Types of Dynamic Motion

Answer 18

Linear Motion,
Angular Motion,
Rotation,
Circumduction

Question 19

Planes of Dynamic Motion

Answer 19

Monaxial,
Biaxial,
Triaxial

Question 20

Linear Joint Movement

Answer 20

Gliding,

One surface glides over another

Question 21

Angular Joint Motion

Answer 21

Flexion,
Extension,
Abduction,
Adduction

Question 22

Anatomical Hyperextension

Answer 22

Beyond anatomical position but without pain or injury/damage

Question 23

Clinical Hyperextension

Answer 23

Beyond normal range of motion resulting in injury

Question 24

Opposition

Answer 24

Thumb across palm

Question 25

Circumduction

Answer 25

Bone describes the shape of a cone and distal end of bone forms a circle

Question 26

Rotation

Answer 26

Movement around a vertical axis, Internal/external rotation, Left/right rotation at C1 and C2, Pronation/supination of forearm

Question 27

Gliding Joints

Answer 27

Plane Joints, Flattened or slightly curved faces, Limited motion (non axial), Tough capsules and ligaments

Question 28

Examples of Gliding Joints

Answer 28

``` Acromioclavicular Joints, Claviculosternal Joints, Intercarparl/Intertarsal Joints, Vertebrocostal Joints, Sacroiliac Joints ```

Question 29

Acromioclavicular Joints

Answer 29

Acromion Process and Clavicle

Question 30

Claviculosternal Joints

Answer 30

Clavicle and Manubrium of Sternum

Question 31

Intercarpal/Intertarsal Joints

Answer 31

Between carpal/tarsal bones

Question 32

Vertebrocostal Joints

Answer 32

Vertebrae and Joints

Question 33

Sacroiliac Joint

Answer 33

Sacrum and Illium

Question 34

Hinge Joints

Answer 34

Angular motion in a single plane

Question 35

Example of Hinge Joints

Answer 35

Elbow, Knee, Ankle, Interphalangeal

Question 36

Pivot Joints

Answer 36

Rotation only (monaxial)

Question 37

Examples of Pivot Joints

Answer 37

Atlas/Axis, | Proximal radio-ulnar joint

Question 38

Ellipsoid Joints

Answer 38

Similar to shallow ball-and-socket, Oval articular face within a depression, Motion in 2 planes (biaxial)

Question 39

Examples of Ellipsoid Joints

Answer 39

Radiocarparl Joints, Metacarpophalangeal Joints 2-5, Metatarsophalangeal Joints

Question 40

Saddle Joints

Answer 40

Two concave, straddled (biaxial)

Question 41

Example of Saddle Joints

Answer 41

First caropometacarpal joint

Question 42

Ball-And-Socket Joints

Answer 42

Round articular face in a depression (triaxial), Flexion/extention, Abduction/Adduction, Rotation

Question 43

Example of Ball-And-Socket Joints

Answer 43

Shoulder, | Hip