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BIOM*3200 > Lecture 7 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the distribution of blood in the circulatory system?

A

Arteries (largest) –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins

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2
Q

What system contains the most amount of blood?

A

The venous system (veins and venules)

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3
Q

What does the venous system function as?

A

A reservoir in which more blood can be added to the circulation under appropriate conditions such as exercise

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4
Q

What type of blood does your arteries carry?

A

Oxygenated Blood

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5
Q

What type of blood does your veins carry?

A

Deoyygenated Blood

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6
Q

Why from your artery to your capillaries does size decrease?

A

Decrease in pressure as you go away from the heart

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7
Q

What does the Venous System contain?

A

Most of the Blood Volume

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8
Q

What do Arteries provide?

A

Resistance to the flow of blood from the heart

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9
Q

What are veins able to do?

A

Expand, to allow for more blood to accumulate

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10
Q

What is the average pressure in the capillary?

A

2 mmHg

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11
Q

What is the average pressure in the artery?

A

100 mmHg

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12
Q

What is the Venous pressure?

A

Too low to return blood to the heart

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13
Q

What helps the lower limb veins return blood to the heart?

A

The skeletal muscle “pump

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14
Q

What does the skeletal muscle pump do?

A

Provides contractions so the veins of the lower limbs move blood back

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15
Q

What helps the veins from the abdominal and thoracic regions move blood to the heart?

A

The act of breathing and contraction/pressure of the diagram and abdomen helps the blood return to the heart

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16
Q

What are there in the aorta and the arteries?

A

Elastin between the smooth muscle cells of the tunica media.

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17
Q

When do these large elastic arteries expand?

A

When the pressure of the blood rises as a result of the ventricles contractions

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18
Q

What happens during relaxation of the Ventricles?

A

They recoil like a stretched rubber band when the pressure drops

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19
Q

What does the elastic recoil drive?

A

Blood during the diastolic phase when the heart is resting and pressure drops.

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20
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure in your arteries when your heart contracts

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21
Q

What does vasoconstriction do?

A

Decrease blood flow to the capillary bed

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22
Q

What does vasodilation do?

A

Increase blood flow to capillary bed

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23
Q

What are the walls of the capillaries composed of?

A

Just one cell layer

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24
Q

What do the capillaries lack?

A

CT and MS which makes it easier to exchange materials between blood and tissue

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25
What happens at the arteriole end of a capillary?
Blood pressure forces fluid out of the capillary to the fluid surrounding tissue cells
26
What happens at the venous end of the capillary?
Fluid is drawn back into the capillary by osmotic pressure
27
What is the major air passageway?
Nasal Cavity
28
What are the steps of the air passageway ?
Nasal Cavity --> Oral Cavity --> Pharynx --> Larnyx ---> Trachea (entering lungs) ---> Brinchea (divides into two longs) ---> Lungs
29
What does the Nasal Cavity lead into?
The pharynx (back of throat) to connect the nasal cavity to the larynx
30
What happens in the larynx?
Air is going towards the lungs and food is going towards the esophagus
31
What does the larynx contain?
The "vocal chords" - folds in the lining tissue
32
What are the capillary beds responsible for?
Gas exchange
33
What is there to note about the pulmonary vein?
It is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood (travelling to heart)
34
What is there to note about the pulmonary artery?
Only artery that carries deoxygenated blood (travels away from heart)
35
What does the Vena Cava do?
Carries deoxygenated blood to the hearts right atrium
36
Where is the Resipirtory Zone?
Respiratory Bronchioles that consist of the Alveolus
37
What are the physical properties of the Lungs (1)?
Inspiration and Compliance (breathing in)
38
What happens when you breath in?
Chest expand, and your diagram contracts
39
What must happen in your lungs for respiration to occur?
Have compliance (ability to expand when stretched)
40
What is Lung Compliance
The change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure = dV/dP
41
What will there be at any given transpulmonary pressure?
Greater or lesser expansion, depending on the compliance of the lungs
42
What does lung disease do?
Reduce compliance
43
What are the physical properties of the lungs (2)?
Expiration and Elasticity
44
What happens when you breath out?
Chest contract, diaphragm relaxes
45
For expiration to occur, what must happen?
The lungs must have elasticity
46
What is elasticity?
The tendency for a structure to return to its original size
47
What do the lungs contain high contents of?
Elastic proteins
48
What are the lungs always in a state of?
Elastic tension as they are stuck to the cell wall
49
What happens to this elastic tension?
Increase during inspiration where the lungs stretch and is reduced by elastic recoil during expiration
50
When can the lungs inflate?
Only when they are attached to the inner wall of the chest
51
What happens to a person who has wounded chest?
They cannot inflate the lung on the wounded side, even though they can't ventilate
52
What is the pleural membranes?
The attachment of the outer lung surface to the inner surface of the chest cavity
53
What are the layers of the PM?
One PM layer is attached to the surface of the lungs while the other layer is attached to the inner wall of the chest cavity
54
What do the PMs do?
Produce a mucous-rich lubricating fluid (pleural fluid) into the pleural space
55
What does the plural fluid do?
Holds the two pleural membranes together (holds the lungs attached to the inner wall of the thoracic cavity)
56
What is another function of the pleural fluid?
Makes the lungs slide easier in the thoracic cavity
57
What is the 3rd Physical Property of the Lungs?
Surface Tension
58
What is Surface tension exerted from?
Fluid in the Alveoli
59
What does the fluid contain?
Surfactant
60
What is Surfactant?
A mixture of hydrophobic and hydrophilic proteins secreted into the alveoli by type II alveolar cells
61
What does surfactant do?
Lower surface tension to prevent the alveoli from collapsing during expiration
62
What do Alveoli's have the tendency to do?
Collapse
63
What does surfactant do?
Prevents the alveolis from collapsing
64
When is surfactant produced in fetal life?
Later on
65
What happens with pre-mature babies?
Surfactant does not get produced in time and their alveoli collapses as a result
66
What is Tidal Volume?
Volume of Gas, inspired or expired, in an unforced respiratory cycle (not thinking about it)
67
What is a typical Tidal Volume?
Around 500m/s
68
What is your Inspiratory Volume?
Max. volume of gas that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume
69
What is your Expiratory Volume?
Max volume of gas that can be expired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume
70
What is Residual Volume?
Max volume of gas remaining in your lungs after max expiration (expiratory volume)
71
What is your Anatomical Dead Space?
Dead Volume - where no gas exchange occurs
72
Where does no gas exchange occur?
Nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
73
What is the 4th Physical property of the lungs?
Lung capacities and volumes
74
What is the percentage of fresh air if the anatomical dead space is 150m/s and the tidal volume is 500m/s?
500 - 150 = 350 350/500 x 100% = 70%
75
What is Hemoglobin?
Contains Fe and is present in Red Blood Cells
76
What can hemoglobin do?
Combine with O2 and release it when needed
77
What can hemoglobin act as?
O2 shuttle from lungs to body tissue
78
What happens in the lungs?
CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli causing blood CO2 levels to be low and reducing the acidity in the lungs (higher pH)
79
What happens in the tissue?
Blood CO2 levels are high (excreting it) and O2 levels are low (using it) which causes the pH in the tissues to be more acidic
80
What does the acidity of the plasma determine?
Whether hemoglobin will combine with O2 to form oxyhemoglobin (low acidity/higher pH in lungs) or if O2 will be released from oxyhemoglobin (higher acidity/lower pH in tissues)
81
What is another shuttler of hemoglobin?
It can bind CO2 and act as a shuttle from body tissues to lungs (reverse as O2 shuttle)
82
What happens in the lungs?
O2 is entering the blood and CO2 is leaving the blood
83
What is the pathway of the O2 entering the blood?
O2 dissolves in the lining fluid film of the alveoli, diffuses through the walls of the alveoli and blood capillaries into the plasma, then it diffuses Ito RBCS
84
What happens when O2 diffuses into RBCs?
It combines chemically with Hb to form oxyhemoglobin
85
Where does oxyhemoglobin formation occur?
In the lungs as blood CO2 levels are low
86
What happens in the body tissues?
O2 is being used by the cells and CO2 is being produced
87
What is O2 released from?
Oxyhemoglobin and diffuses into body tissues
88

BIOM*3200 (12 decks)

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