Lecture 7- Gastrointestinal

Question 1

5 basic categories of useable food (energy sources)

Answer 1

carbs
proteins
fats
vitamins
minerals

Question 2

glucose/galactose is brought into the cell by …. transporter

Answer 2

SGLT1

Question 3

fructose is brought into the cell by …. transporter

Answer 3

GLUT5

Question 4

Monosacarrhides (Glucose, galactose and fructose) are brought into the blood by …

Answer 4

GLUT2

Question 5

complex carbs are broken down into …. by … and …

Answer 5

monosaccharides

amylase

lactase

Question 6

after complex carbs are broken down, the monosaccharides are taken up by epithelial cells by… and …. and then passed into the blood by…

Answer 6

SGLT1
GLUT5

GLUT2

Question 7

proteins are broken down into peptides in 2 locations

Answer 7

stomach

small intestine

Question 8

in the stomach, …is produced which is cleaved to …. and this degrades proteins

Answer 8

pepsinogen

pepsin

Question 9

the pancreas releases these 4 pro-enzymes into small intestine to digest proteins. They must be converted into active enzymes which is initiated by …

Answer 9

trypsinogen
cymotrypsinogen
procarboxypeptidase A&B
proelastase

enteropeptidase

Question 10

… is an essential protease for cleavage of proteins

Answer 10

trypsin

Question 11

where is the enteropeptidase located

Answer 11

brush border

Question 12

peptides are broken down into

Answer 12

amino acids

Question 13

2 broad classes of transporters for amino acids:

Answer 13

Na dependent

Na independent

Question 14

T/F the subclasses of transporters are not specific for certain types of amino acids

Answer 14

false

Question 15

transporters for amino acids are located on … and ….

Answer 15

brush border

basolateral membrane

Question 16

protein is degraded by … and …

Answer 16

HCl and proteases

Question 17

T/F ALL of the proteases that degrade protein are released as proenzymes

Answer 17

true

Question 18

Triglyceride is broken down into …. and …. by ….

Answer 18

monoglyceride
2 fatty acids

lipase

Question 19

3 sources of lipase

Answer 19

lingual
gastric
pancreatic

Question 20

fatty acid absorption occurs in the … (primarily ….) but digestion occurs in … and …

Answer 20

small intestine
duodenum

stomach
duodenum

Question 21

T/F fats are not water soluble but lipases are

Answer 21

true

Question 22

fat films are emulsified … and by …. agents

Answer 22

mechanically

emulsifying

Question 23

gastric emptying is slowed by …

Answer 23

fats

Question 24

… help to breakdown a fat globule into droplets

Answer 24

bile salts (glycocholic acid) and phospholipids

Question 25

how does lipase interact with fat?

Answer 25

colipase

Question 26

colipase breaks down fat droplets into ...

Answer 26

micelles

Question 27

how do micelles enhance absorption of fatty acids?

Answer 27

1. micelles are in equilibrium with free fatty acids | 2. micelles are constantly breaking down and reforming

Question 28

T/F fatty acids and monoglycerides are found in the blood

Answer 28

false. triglycerides are

Question 29

how is B12 brought into the cell?

Answer 29

intrinsic factor

Question 30

water soluble vitamins are absorbed by facilitated or active transport except ...

Answer 30

B12

Question 31

most water absorption occurs in the ...

Answer 31

small intestine

Question 32

water follows the concentration gradients of solutes which is dependent upon ...

Answer 32

Na+

Question 33

what dictates water absorption in the small and large intestine?

Answer 33

Na+

Question 34

T/F absorption of Na can occur against a small electrochemical gradient

Answer 34

true

Question 35

Na absorption is highest in areas where ....

Answer 35

glucose/galactase or amino acids are being transported

Question 36

Cl-, HCO3, K+ are absorbed in part due to ...

Answer 36

Na+

Question 37

absorption of calcium is strongly enhanced by ...

Answer 37

vitamin D

Question 38

Calcium is absorbed by ... and are soluble at ...

Answer 38

all segments of the small intestine low pH

Question 39

Absorption of Fe2+ is very ....

Answer 39

inefficient (less than 10% absorbed)

Question 40

... enhances absorption of Fe2+

Answer 40

stomach

Question 41

Can Fe3+ be absorbed?

Answer 41

no