Lecture 7 Non State Actors Flashcards
complex interdependence
different types of networks and relations across borders were changing the state’s conception of interest (and therefore actions).
Constructivism
“ideas” at the center of its analysis, allowing for non-state and non-governmental actors to (attempt to) change them
NGO
Non governmental organization
First international meeting in 1993 for ICBL
1999 countries ratify convention
161 countries signatories
spawned similars
TAN
trans-national advocacy networks
Sets of individuals and non-governmental organizations that pursue a normative objective (note the use of transnational in the term).
TANs purse Norms
International Campaign to Ban Landmines
Modern Non State Actors
1 How non-governmental organizations (NGOs) of trans-national advocacy networks (TANs) are affecting how states act via changes in norms.
2 How integration of markets are changing state’s areas of influence,
3 Terrorism will also be discussed as another avenue through which non-state actors seek to influence state behavior.
Norms
Standard of what is “appropriate” or “right” behavior (under certain circumstances). Why the caveat?
Norms Life Cycle
3 stage process
NLC Stage 1
“Norm entrepreneurs,”
core group of committed activists/groups, convince a critical mass of individuals in other countries about their cause. Organize, fund, advertise, campaign, etc.
Frame and package the issue so that it “fits” in with pre-existing strong norms. Ex> Women’s Rights Movement
NLC Stage 2
“Norms Cascades”
This new framing of the issue takes hold and the number of supporters/followers of the norm increases until it passes a threshold where it now becomes possible to hold others that don’t adhere to it accountable.
Once this “tipping point” is reached, violations of the norm can be brought into conformity either through coercion or persuasion.
NLC Stage 3
“Internalization of norms”
Certain norms can become so widely accepted and deeply internalized that they take on a “taken for granted” quality. Violations are not even considered.
This leads to interests being reconceived, since certain outcomes or means of achieving them are just not part of the choices available to a state.
TAN’s INfluence
how states act by providing information.
Positions of large, influential, and international NGOs can provide more certainty that a convention or cooperative agreement can pass It can also play a role similar to that of some international institutions, by monitoring the behavior of other parties as neutral observers and reporting violations.
Terrorism US definition
“use or threatened use of “pre-meditated, politically motivated violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.”
Terrorism Textbook
“The use or threatened use of violence “against noncombatant targets” by individuals or non-state groups for political ends.”
Terrorism as Strategy
issue of indivisibility
strategy of the weak
different strategies
issue of indivisibility
Goal or objective may be a “good” that is not divisible such as territorial or national integrity (Vietnam), religion (Jerusalem).
good needs to be divisible for bargaining range
strategy of the weak
terrorist organizations lack the means to battle and defeat the target’s military forces.
- > therefore do not engage the target’s military forces directly.
- > choose organizational forms that make it hard for militaries to defeat them.
- > are active in areas where populations are sympathetic, or lack the capacity to persecute them.
different strategies
coercion
provocation
spoiling
outbidding
terrorist rationality
it pays - Pape
Most are planned, with specific (territorial) goals, (partially) works in terms of their goals, but rarely lead to concessions on critical issues.
He also argues that best counter-strategy is one that makes terrorist attacks less likely to succeed (investment in border defense and homeland security).
Strange and NGO;s
markets are fundamentally altering the nature of politics within states and between states.
Technological change is giving ever more leverage to firms and the market.
At the same time, technological innovation is becoming ever more capital intensive, meaning that huge added mobility for capital was needed to finance it. Benefitted those with advanced capital markets (the wealthy countries). Again gave more power to market forces over states.
less effective on basic matters
power vacuum , yawning hole of non-governence
“basic matters”
“stable money for trade and investment, a clear system of laws and the means to enforce it, sufficiency of public goods…”
power vacuum , yawning hole of non-governence
state losing power , but no other political institutions (whether local, regional, global) gaining it,
Traditionalists and NGOs
TANS and terrorist states still influence states
Iraq litmus test
