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PSYC 3550 Final Exam > Lecture 7 - Relationships > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Relationships Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of marriage?

A

A legally sanctioned union between two adults

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2
Q

What are some advantages of being married?

A

Reduces mortality, increases happiness, joint income tax returns, shared finances, health care benefits, & shared housing

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3
Q

What are the gender differences in marriage?

A

More men over the age of 65 are married in Canada than women so older women may be prone to disadvantages of not being married

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4
Q

What did the article by Yahoo discuss?

A

That some seniors prefer to live alone despite people being concerned for them

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of older adults living alone discussed in the Yahoo article?

A

Not having transportation, struggling to stay social, not having help around the house, not noticing cognitive decline, financial difficulties & loneliness

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6
Q

What are the benefits of older adults living alone discussed in the Yahoo article?

A

You don’t have to spend money on 2 people (trips are cheaper), can eat what you want, independence, peace & quiet & no caregiver burden

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7
Q

What is cohabitation?

A

Living with your partner prior to or instead of marrying

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8
Q

What are the trends of cohabitation?

A

Has increased in Canada

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9
Q

What is Living Apart Together (LAT)?

A

Living arrangement increasingly adopted by unmarried older adults in an intimate relationship who do not wish to share a residence

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10
Q

What are the benefits of LAT?

A

Provides protection from emotional challenges with past relationships and is a safeguard against potential financial and legal complications

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11
Q

What is the cohabitation effect?

A

The greater likelihood of divorce among couples who cohabitate prior to becoming engaged because marriage is convenient when you live with someone even when there are problems

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12
Q

What factors make someone more prone to divorce?

A

Tendency to contemplate divorce during marriage issues, more likely to have an extramarital affair, history of difficulty with intimacy, & women that do not resolve the intimacy vs isolation stage from Erikson’s theory

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13
Q

How does divorce impact the individual?

A

Low trust, low self-esteem, anxiety, worrying about future relationships, anger, depression, & concern about others’ opinions

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14
Q

How does divorce impact children?

A

Many children growing up in high-conflict parental relationships feel “caught” in the middle of parental arguments which is related to lower well-being & poorer parental relationships in adulthood

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15
Q

What is widowhood?

A

Marriage ending in the death of a partner

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16
Q

What is the prevalence of widowhood in Canada?

A

1.8 million widows & widowers in Canada (almost 5% of the population), older women more likely than men to be widowed & for women 90 years and older, over 80% are widowed

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17
Q

How does widowhood impact women?

A

Loneliness, financial struggles, difficulty moving on, learning their partners roles, loss of purpose, loss of motivation for self-care, decreased standard of living, lower mobility, & decreased health

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18
Q

What is the widowhood effect?

A

Increased probability of death which is caused by increased depression, psychological stress, long-term financial difficulties, reduced social support & less access to resources

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19
Q

What are the ways that someone adapts to widowhood?

A

Adapting to widowhood widely differs: resilient grief & chronic grief

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20
Q

What is resilient grief?

A

Feeling relief after being widowed because they had accepted the loss before it happened

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21
Q

What is chronic grief?

A

Associated with a pre-loss dependency (dependent on a spouse before the loss)

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22
Q

What are the implications of understanding the variation in widowhood grief?

A

Can help you understand why someone is reacting to grief the way the way they are and can help clinically

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23
Q

What is the socioemotional selectivity theory on relationships?

A

Older couples experience more positive affect with each other

“Positive sentiment override” - older adults tend to focus on the positive aspects of their relationship even if they argue a lot

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24
Q

What is social exchange theory on relationships?

A

Relationships are evaluated according to costs and benefits

Predicts why some relationships succeed and some fail in terms of whether rewards outweigh costs

Example - Friends’ episode of Rachel and Chandler where he wrote a pros and cons list about her

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25
What is the equity theory of relationships?
Balance is sought between what each partner contributes to the relationship Relationship dissatisfaction increases when one partner feels the other partner does possess valuable qualities
26
What is the Behavioral Approach to Marital Interactions?
The stability and quality of a marriage is influenced by the actual behaviours of partners during interactions with one another Conflict increases when one partner ignores or turns against the other partner trying to make an emotional connection
27
What is the Need for Complementarity Hypothesis?
Couples who are different are happier
28
What is the Marital Similarity Hypothesis?
couples who are similar are happier (more supported)
29
What is the suffocation model of marriage?
Adults currently place more importance on marriage as a source of self-expression & fulfillment but have less time for their marriage so marriage is used now to serve to satisfy higher needs
30
What is the problem with the suffocation model of marriage?
Higher needs are harder to meet because they are less physical and more emotional so more time needs to be invested in the relationship
31
What are the 3 pathways of relationships?
Enduring dynamic pathway, disillusionment pathway & emergent distress pathway
32
What is the enduring dynamics pathway?
How a couple interacts early on in the relationship characterizes the course of the relationship
33
What is the emergent distress pathway?
Couple whose relationship problems develop over time
34
What is the disillusionment pathway?
Relationship where a couple starts out happy but gradually falls out of love
35
What 2 key factors differentiate happy from unhappy couples?
Positive expressions of affection and love & negative behaviors, such as criticism, anger and impatience
36
What is the biological factor of the Biopsychosocial Model of Parenthood?
Hormone & physiological alterations associated with pregnancy
37
What is the psychological factor of Biopsychosocial Model of Parenthood?
Emotional highs & lows
38
What is the social factor of the Biopsychosocial Model of Parenthood?
New role as a parent so a status change
39
What is the socio-cultural factor of the Biopsychosocial Model of Parenthood?
New expectations for parents
40
What happens to Marital Satisfaction when transitioning to parenthood?
Marital satisfaction tends to decrease during the child-rearing years Waldron and Routh (1981) found that wives reported a decline in marital adjustment after the birth of the first baby Reasons include general decrease happiness and increase in conflict Less marital satisfaction may be due to perceived unfair allocation of household tasks Mothers tend to perform more household duties than fathers Fathers tend to increase involvement in paid employment
41
What is doing gender?
Refers to the tendency of women and men to behave in stereotypically gendered ways
42
What are predictors of women’s satisfaction during the transition to parenthood?
Doing Gender Attachment Style Self-efficacy Expectations and Feelings of Competence Family Goals Enjoy Family Work
43
What happens when men transition to parenthood?
Gap between the genders in labor participation has gone down 42% to 15% Many have expressed a preference to be a stay-at-home dad “Transformative process” first time father Men who believe they will be better fathers during transition to parenthood tend to be more active parents Mother’s view also affect how fathers perceive themselves
44
What is the empty nest?
When adult children permanently depart from the home
45
What are the positives associated with the empty nest?
Personal Growth More leisure Time Improved Marital Relations Feelings of Mastery Improved Sexual Relation
46
How does the majority of children feel about their relationship with their parents?
Majority of adult-children report feeling close with their parents (56%)
47
How does the relationship between adults and their children change?
Adult-children may gain greater insight into the role of being a parent or may harbor resent Adult-children may become increasingly concerned for their parents’ health Adult-children may disagree with their parents
48
What is filial maturity?
When children reach the age of relating to their parents as equals
49
What is filial anxiety?
Worry about being forced to take on care of parents
50
What is structural ambivalence?
Idea that society’s structures do not make clear how family members should behave
51
What is intergenerational stake hypothesis?
Proposal that parents are higher in affectual solidarity towards their children than children are towards their parents
52
What is developmental schism?
Break of communication resulting in an emotional gap between adult-children and their parents and applies most frequently to mothers and daughters
53
What is role reversal?
Parents and their adult-children switch responsibilities & adult-child becomes the parent when the parent undergoes physical, cognitive and social changes BUT data shows that most adult-children and their parents have reciprocal relationships
54
What is contingency theory?
Proposal that parents may provide help to their children because they perceive that the children need this support
55
What is the sandwich generation?
Proposal that midlife caregivers are sandwiched between their aging parents and their teenaged children
56
What are helicopter parents?
Parents who are seen as smothering and overprotecting their overly dependent children
57
What are helicopter parents?
Parents who are seen as smothering & overprotecting their overly dependent children
58
What is the typical relationship between siblings?
Siblings share many shared experiences & may not stay in frequent contact with one another but may still maintain the relationship and view it positively
59
What are significant life events that can change sibling relationships?
Marriage, birth of Children, divorce or Widowhood, development of Health Problems or Death of a Family Member
60
What is a skip generation family?
Grandparents live with their under-18-year-old grandchildren
61
Why do skip generation families happen?
Substance abuse, child abuse or neglect, teenage Pregnancy, divorce, unemployment, or incarceration
62
What are the different types of grandparents?
Formal, fun seeker, surrogate parent, reservoir of family wisdom, & distant figure
63
What are formal grandparents?
Follows appropriate guidelines – involved but not too much
64
What are the fun seeker grandparents?
Provides entertainment
65
What are surrogate parent grandparents?
Takes over caregiving role (skip generation)
66
What are reservoir of family wisdom grandparents?
Grandparents are the head of the family
67
What are distant figure grandparents?
Infrequent contact with them
68
What are some key components of friendships?
Reciprocity underlies the foundation of friendships, tend to give and take at a deep emotional level involving intimacy, support, sharing and companionship, and helping out during major life transitions
69
What are the patterns of friendships forming to dissolution of them?
Formation - strangers to acquaintances to friends Maintenance phase - involves sustainment of active interest and involvement Dissolution phase - may be difficult to identify
70
What are variations in friendship patterns based on?
Individual differences in approaches towards friends
71
What are the different styles of friendships?
Independent, discerning, & acquisitive
72
What is the independent friendship style?
Enjoy friendly relationships with others but don’t form close relationships
73
What is the discerning friendship style?
Extremely selective so they have a small network of really close friends
74
What is the acquisitive friendship style?
Readily able to make and maintain close friendships at all stages of life
75
What are the pros of friendships?
Friends buffer against stress and are positively related to é levels of well-being and self-esteem Serve as an important substitute for limited or no family

PSYC 3550 Final Exam (4 decks)

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