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PSYC 3550 Final Exam > Lecture 8 - Retirement, work & leisure patterns > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Retirement, work & leisure patterns Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What is the labor force?

A

Includes all civilians in the over‐15 population who live outside of institutions and have sought or are actively seeking employment

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2
Q

What are some labor force trends?

A

Large increase of women in the labour force over the past 30 years

However, less than 20% of women hold leadership positions

Women continue to earn less than men – Gender wage gap

People with a bachelor’s degree generally earn a high wage

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3
Q

What are some trends for the wage gap in Canada?

A

Average hourly wages increased by 20% for women & 13% for men, reducing the gender wage gap

Distribution of career types important for narrowing the gap (more women went into law and finance jobs)

Women’s higher educational attainment

Factor widening the gap was higher percentage of men in well-paying construction jobs

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4
Q

What is vocation?

A

Person’s choice of occupation, often reflects individual interests & values

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5
Q

What do the theories on vocational development propose?

A

Suggests that vocational choices evolve over time & reflect a person’s interests

Focus on these factors to explain why individuals choose careers and how these choices contribute to happiness and work productivity

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6
Q

What is the definition of a career?

A

Captures the unique connection between individuals & social organizations over time

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7
Q

What is Holland’s Vocational Development Theory?

A

Career aspirations & interests are an expression of our personality, he proposed 6 types of vocational interests, many people fit into more than one category and can fit into a combination of them!

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8
Q

What are the 6 types of vocational interests?

A

(RIASEC) Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising & conventional

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9
Q

What is the realistic type of vocational interests?

A

People that like working with their hands (ex. mechanic, farmer, cook, etc.)

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10
Q

What is the investigative type of vocational interests?

A

Task-oriented and enjoy…? (ex. chemist, mathematician)

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11
Q

What is the artistic type of vocational interests?

A

People that enjoy expressing themselves (ex. dancer, artist, writer)

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12
Q

What is the social type of vocational interests?

A

People that have interpersonal & verbal skills (ex. therapist, teacher)

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13
Q

What is the enterprising type of vocational interests?

A

People that have verbal skills and are in positions of power (ex. manager, lawyer)

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14
Q

What is the conventional type of vocational interests?

A

People with verbal and quantitative skills that they like to apply to well-structured jobs (ex. banker, HR)

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15
Q

What is congruence?

A

Predicts if one will be successful in a career

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16
Q

How is the RIASEC tested?

A

Strong vocational interest inventory (SV11) & self-directed search (SDS) (the SDS can be done at home)

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17
Q

What is Super’s life-span life-stage theory?

A

Highlights that adults want to reach full realization of their inner potential, suggests that people choose occupations that are most “true” to their inner selves & takes into account the limits of the job market

Ex. If someone wants to be a painter but can’t find a job they may become an interior decorator because it is similar and still artistic

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18
Q

What are the life stages in Super’s theory?

A

Exploration, establishment, maintenance, & disengagement

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19
Q

What is the exploration stage?

A

Adolescence-mid-twenties when individuals are keen on exploring

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20
Q

What is the established life stage?

A

Mid 20s- early 40s, remaining in the same job but you’re still working up the career ladder

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21
Q

What is the maintenance life stage?

A

Mid 40s-mid 50s, hold onto their jobs and don’t seek to get promoted

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22
Q

What is the disengagement life stage?

A

Mid 50s-mid 60s, prepare for retirement and engage in leisure activities more

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23
Q

What is a limitation of Super’s model?

A

The job market is more unstable

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24
Q

How has Super’s model been adapted to make up for the unstable job market?

A

These concepts added:
Recycling – change field of career part way (Michael Shawn going from a bus driver to a OPP officer)
Plateauing – increase in people remaining indefinitely in a maintenance-like period

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25
What does occupation as a calling mean?
Choosing a job because of a combination of factors is related to career development, job satisfaction
26
What is a boundaryless career in terms of vocational development?
Spans across different employers or organization; people with this mindset seek opportunities for development in their jobs and might leave a company if they can’t develop
27
What is a protean career in terms of vocational development?
You determined the career so you have a high level of self-evaluation
28
What is core self-evaluation in terms of vocational development?
A person’s appraisal of people, events, & things in relation to oneself, belief that they can influence their careers, and control your own fate
29
What is vocational satisfaction?
Extent to which a worker has positive views of his or her job and aspects of the job & greater sense of “fit” = greater vocation satisfaction and commitment
30
What are intrinsic factors for vocational satisfaction?
Interest in tasks, feeling of control, doing the job for personal goals & expectations These factors are specific to the job
31
What are extrinsic factors for vocational satisfaction?
External rewards, feelings of control from outer conditions, & doing the job for personal goals & expectations These factors can be found in other jobs
32
What is the 2 factor theory?
Intrinsic factors motivate job fulfillment – allows workers to achieve self-actualization Extrinsic factors relate to the quality of the work environment – can enhance or detract, influencing worker aspirations
33
What is self-determination theory?
Proposes that the amount of control that workers have over their job influences vocational satisfaction
34
What is motivational crowding out?
When someone is too motivated by extrinsic factors to be intrinsically motivated & can reduce job satisfaction (similar to over-justification effect)
35
What is affect events theory?
Positive & negative emotions at work influence occupational satisfaction: Positive mood - correlates with autonomy, support Negative mood – correlates with stress & feeling overwhelmed
36
How can work influence moods?
Positive events at work can boost mood, while negative experiences lead to negative emotions Positive emotions can be boosted under the right conditions at work such as having a fun boss
37
What is person-environment correspondence theory?
People are most satisfied when their workplaces respond to their needs Whether job fulfills work-related values and needs such as: Achievement Altruism Autonomy Comfort Safety Status
38
What is emotional labor?
Service industry jobs where you have to smile & be friendly regardless of how you feel
39
What did the white hall study find about work stress
Found an association between work-related stress and risk of obesity, high serum triglycerides, reduced HDL cholesterol, hypertension, raised fasting plasma glucose, AKA metabolic syndrome
40
What are the 3 models on the relationship between work & family roles?
Work-family enrichment model, work-family conflict model, & work-family conflicts
41
What is the work-family enrichment model?
Positive spillover where experiences in one role improve the quality of life in the other (ex. going back to work after having a baby makes you more time efficient)
42
What is the work-family conflict model?
People have a fixed amount of time & energy to spend on their life roles (ex. my mom coming home late takes away time that we could be spending together)
43
What are the implications of work-family conflicts?
Have serious health & psychological consequences Most likely to occur among mothers of young children, dual-earner couples & those highly involved with their jobs
44
How does age impact job satisfaction?
Workers at both ends of the age spectrum tend to feel satisfied but salary can also impact this
45
What did the Riza (2018) longitudinal study find?
Found that staying at one job longer correlated with lower job satisfaction and older employees that changed jobs had increased job satisfaction but the older adults had higher salaries
46
What was added to the Canadian Human Rights Act in 1977?
Protection Canadians from discrimination‐based factors such as age or sex
47
What are the factors that impact whether you like your job?
Intrinsic & extrinsic factors, moods, reinforcement patterns, stress, work vs. family, age & day of the week
48
What is needed to consider age and vocational performance?
Factors such as education, job status, health, cognitive abilities, and personality, tasks necessary for the job, & workplace behaviors
49
What job factors contribute to decline?
Physical exertion, shift work, age bias, lack of collaboration, and cognitive effort
50
What job factors contribute to improvement?
Openness to change, expertise, less absences, & fewer injuries
51
What are the phases of retirement?
Anticipatory period, decision to retire, retirement, continual adjustment, & changes to activity patterns
52
Why do people retire?
Financial security, health issues, & gender differences
53
What is role theory of retirement?
Retirement = disengagement from society Leads to harmful effects
54
What is continuity theory of retirement?
Identity continues despite change in role, the retired individuals maintain the ties they had to society when they were working & retirement = little change to identity
55
What is life course perspective on retirement?
Retirement is normative stage development Retirement = stressful only when unexpected (similar to Super's theory)
56
What is resource model of retirement?
An individual’s adjustment to retirement reflects his or her physical, cognitive, motivational, financial, social, and emotional resources so the better prepared the better time they will have adjusting
57
What are the biological factors influencing adjustment to retirement?
Physical changes & health
58
What are the sociocultural factors influencing adjustment to retirement?
Social class, income, & engagement opportunities
59
What are the psychological factors influencing adjustment to retirement?
Cognitive functioning, personality, & retirement expectations
60
What are some other factors that influence adjustment to retirement?
Health, having a positive outlook, timing, control, socioeconomic level, & gender
61
What are the benefits of leisure in retirement?
Maintain cogntive & physical functioning, reduces mortality, contribute to sense of identity, provide meaning & purpose, help maintain health, & promote social connections
62
What is the Prediction of Mortality from Amount of Leisure-time Physical Activity study?
Sweden longitudinal study found that people who were engaged in more physical activity have lower mortality rates
63
What is the downside of leisure pursuits in older adulthood?
May be difficult to incorporate leisure activities into older adults’ lifestyle (ex. An older adult will struggle to start running if they’ve never ran before)
64
How does Holland's RIASEC model apply to leisure?
Helps older adults find leisure activities that “fit” their personalities Greater motivation, active pursuit and health and functional abilities!

PSYC 3550 Final Exam (4 decks)

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